论马克思对德国古典美育思想的批判与超越--基于历史哲学逻辑下的考察

On the Criticism and Transcendence of Marx’s Aesthetic Education Thoughts over German Classical Aesthetic Education Thoughts:Based on the Logic of Historical Philosophy

德国古典美育思想是马克思美育思想的重要来源。马克思对康德、席勒、黑格尔的观念论历史哲学模式及其美育观进行了深刻批判,实现了在唯物史观基础上对德国古典美学、美育思想的革命性超越。这表现在:第一,马克思关于培养自由而全面发展的个人作为共产主义最终目的的学说是对康德“人是目的”思想的超越;第二,马克思历史唯物主义的自由观是对席勒自由观的审美乌托邦主义的超越;第三,马克思自由劳动时间论是对席勒“审美无时间规定”论的超越;第四,马克思对资本主义现代社会异化劳动造成的社会和人性的分裂的批判,超越了席勒对人性分裂的揭露和黑格尔对市民社会的批判;第五,马克思关于个体和人类共同自由发展的理想是对康德、席勒偏重于“族类”发展思想的超越。马克思以人的现实解放为根本目标的历史哲学,实际上也设定了审美教育的根本目的,那就是通过审美和艺术鉴赏,培养人的审美能力和素养,塑造和改善人的美好心灵,全面提升人自身的精神文明素质和自由而全面发展的能力。这对于我们今天在立德树人、铸根塑魂总目标下开展全社会的美育工作有极大的启示和指导意义。

German classical aesthetic education thought is an important source of Marx’s aesthetic education thought.Marx criticized the idealist historical philosophy and aesthetic education thought of Kant,Schiller,Hegel,and realized the revolutionary transcendence of German classical aesthetic education thought on the basis of historical Materialism.First,Marx’s theory of cultivating free and all-round development man as the goal of communism is a transcendence of Kant's idea of“man is the purpose”.Second,Marx’s thought of freedom of historical materialism is a transcendence of the aesthetic utopianism of Schiller’s thought of freedom.Third,Marx’s theory of free labor time is a transcendence of Schiller’s theory that“aesthetics is time-independent”.Fourth,Marx’s critique of the division of society and human nature caused by alienated labor in modern capitalist society goes beyond Schiller’s exposure to the division of human nature and Hegel’s critique of civil society.Fifth,Marx’s ideal of the common free development of individuals and human beings is a transcendence of Kant and Schiller’s emphasis on“race”development.Marx’s philosophy of history with human liberation as the fundamental goal actually set the fundamental purpose of aesthetic education,that is,through aesthetics and art appreciation,to cultivate people’s aesthetic ability and quality,to shape and improve people’s beautiful mind,and to improve people’s spiritual civilization and the ability to develop free and comprehensively in an all-round way.This has great enlightenment and guiding significance for us to carry out the aesthetic education work of the whole society under the general goal of building morality,cultivating people and shaping souls.