马克斯·舍勒的情感直观主义

The “Emotional Intuitionism” of Max Scherler

舍勒认为价值本身是“独立的现象”,一种正确断言的价值必定作为一种价值被直接给予或被直观到。所有目的性行动都是指向目标的,这些目标根据价值考虑进行选择和规划,而价值及其等级秩序是行动不可缺少的前提。在舍勒看来,“先天情感”是所有价值经验的基础,本质直观则是我们理解各种价值及其相互关系的关键。所有可能的价值都奠基于一种“无限的人格精神”的价值和这种精神所包含的“价值世界”之上。舍勒强调,道德价值的最终载体是一个人的“志向”,只有意向感觉才能揭示价值,因此要区分纯粹的“感觉状态”和对某物的意向感觉。一个人在追求最高价值的过程中成长为一个有价值的人,而每个人最终都参与到价值宇宙的整体之中。

According to Scherler,values are in themselves “independent phenomena” and a rightfully asserted value must be directly given or intuited as a value.All purposive actions are directed toward goals which are selected and projected on the basis of value considerations.Values and their order of rank are the indispensable presuppositions of all actions.Scherler points out that “emotional a priori” is basic to all value experience,and the intuition of essence(Wesensschau)is the key to our understanding of values and their interrelations.Furthermore,all possible values are founded in the value of an “infinite personal spirit” and the “world of values” which that spirit encompasses.Scheler maintains that the ultimate bearer of moral values is the “disposition”,so the distinction between mere “feeling-states” and the intentional feeling of something should be made,the latter of which can disclose values.Moreover,the person grows as a value-person in and through of the highest values.Finally,every person is involved into the whole of the value-cosmos.