《民法典》总则编部分条款的逻辑瑕疵及其修订建议(下)

Logical Defects of Some Articles in the General Provisions of The Civil Code and Suggestions for Revision(PARTⅡ)

逻辑规则、语言规则之所以能够作为评价《民法典》的基本规则,这是由法律与语言、逻辑之间具有内容与形式的关系所决定的:法律规范命题是以自然语言的形式表达出来的,自然语言是法律规范命题的外在表达形式,逻辑语言是法律规范命题的内在表达方式。法律概念外延间的逻辑关系、价值关系决定了法律规范命题的量词、连接词、道义规范词以及标点符号的不同形式,正是这些不同的量词、连接词、道义规范词以及标点符号才将不同法律概念连接成为不同的法律规则、法律原则,最终构成一个完整的法律规范体系。如果法律规范命题中出现了逻辑错误或语法错误,这说明该法律规范命题很可能没有正确反映法律自身的内在规律,因此运用语言规则、逻辑规则对法律规范命题进行分析评价的过程就是发现逻辑错误的过程,修正这些逻辑错误或语法错误能够提高立法质量。本文以“合规律-合规则”“无矛盾”“准确”和“简洁”为评价标准,对《民法典》总则编中存在的逻辑错误进行了系统的学理分析,并提出了相应的修改意见。

The reason why the logic rules and linguistic rules can be used as basic rules to evaluate The Civil Code is determined by the fact that law,language and logic have a relationship in terms of content and formality:the propositions of legal norms are expressed in the form of natural language;natural language is the exogenous expression of the propositions of legal norms;and logic language is the endogenous expression of the propositions of legal norms.The relationships of logic and value between the denotations of legal concepts determine the different forms of classifiers,conjunctions,moral normative words and punctuation marks of the propositions of legal norms,and it is these different classifiers,conjunctions,moral normative words and punctuation marks that connect different legal concepts into different legal rules and legal principles,and ultimately form a complete system of legal norms.Only the propositions of legal norms that conform to logic rules and grammatical rules are capable of correctly expressing the inherent rules in law itself.Conversely,if there are logic errors or grammatical errors in the propositions of legal norms,it means that the propositions of legal norms are likely not to reflect the inherent rules in law correctly.Hence,the process of using lingui-stic rules and logic rules to analyze and evaluate the propositions of legal norms is the process of discovering the logic errors,and the process of correcting these logic errors or grammatical errors is the process of enhancing the quality of legislation.Taking“conforming to the law and conforming to the rule”“no contradiction”“accuracy”and“conciseness”as the evaluation criteria,this article systematically provides academic analysis on the following logic errors in the partial general provisions of The Civil Code and proposes corresponding amendments:the inappropriate usage of normative words and conjunctions,the non-conformity with the rules of the legal definitions,the contradictions and conflicts among norms,the lack of justifications for legal provisions etc.