“内部人”与“外部人”的交叉视角的研究尝试——奥斯古德与李安宅1938年在昆明高峣村

A Research Attempt of Integration of the Internal and External Perspectives:Cornelius Osgood and Li Anzhai in Kao Yao Village,Yunnan in 1938

1936年李安宅在美国耶鲁大学学习期间,结识了耶鲁大学皮博蒂博物馆(Yale Peabody Museum)馆员奥斯古德(Cornelius Osgood)。两人商讨和制定了在李安宅的河北农村老家和奥斯古德在美国佛蒙特州家乡的乡村,采用“内部人”和“外部人”交叉的视角进行人类学研究的计划。1938年奥斯古德按约前往中国。由于其时正值日本侵略中国之际,原定河北的调查计划无法进行。于是两人在抗战后方——云南昆明的高峣村合作调查。25年后奥斯古德在美国出版了这次人类学调查的成果《Village Life in Old China:A Community Study of Kao Yao,Yunnan》。对于李安宅来说,高峣田野的经历以及他与奥斯古德共同制定的研究计划和思路,对其今后的学术之路产生了较大的影响,他在其后的研究中将内外交叉的研究视角和方法贯彻始终。

In 1936,while studying at Yale University,Li Anzhai met Cornelius Osgood,a curator of anthropology at the Yale Peabody Museum.They discussed and formulated a plan of anthropological research from the perspective of insider and outsider in Li Anzhai's village in Hebei province of China.Li would do his work as a native of the village,and Osgood,an American,as an outsider.They would have essential cooperation.Then they would reverse the field conditions and study a village,where Osgood grew up in Vermont,the United States.The Integration of the Internal and External Perspectives was a reflection of the western centralism or Eurocentrism.It emphasizes the importance of internal perspective or emic approache,and the internal approach is often a local Knowledg that outsiders cannot experience.It helps to get rid of the preconceptions of outsiders,understand how insiders experience and understand their own culture and life.Because of the different cultural backgrounds,their perspectives and concerns about life matters,as well as the interpretation of cultural elements,are inevitably different,and these differences are what anthropologists are interested in.In 1938,Osgood went to China as promised,because it coincided with the Japanese invasion of China,his carefully worked out research goals in Heibei province were frustrated,so he decided to do his fieldwork in the rear area of the Anti-Japanese War-the Kao Yao village in Kunming,Yunnan province.Osgood deliberately chose Kao Yao,a village that he thought had not received much external influence and had preserved Chinese traditional culture well.And collaborating with researchers with an insider perspective,he wanted to understand the dynamics and rule of the internal development of Chinese society so as to make up for the problem of China's internal development power which was ignored by western academic circles.This anthropology-oriented research has even influenced future historians'reflection on several paradigms-“Impact and Response”,“Tradition and the modern”and“China-Centered Approach”in Chinese society,which was popular in Western academia before World War II.Twenty-five years later,Village Life in Old China:A Community Study of Kao Yao,Yunnan was published in the United States.Osgood and Li Anzhai jointly formulated and tried this anthropological research method of Integration of the Internal and External Perspectives in Kao Yao Village.Although they did not complete their research in Kao Yao exactly as planned,and had only worked together for half a month,and Osgood later thought this as one of the Failures of his academic career,their efforts and attempts deserve full recognition and respect.For Li Anzhai,this experience in Kao Yao village and the research plan he made with Osgood had a great influence on his future academic career.In his subsequent researches,he had always carried out the Integration of the Internal and External Perspectives.