地域文化网络与乡村社会治理——基于黔东南西江苗寨的考察

Regional Cultural Networks and Rural Social Governance:Based on An Investigation in Xijiang Miao Village of Qiandongnan

黔东南苗岭山区作为世界文化遗产预备区域,乡村地域文化特征明显。这一区域苗寨“方老”,苗语称为“lul fangb”,是指鼓藏头、榔头、寨老、歌师、活路头等。相对那些告老还乡的乡贤,苗寨“方老”生于斯长于斯,没有在外做官的经历,村民对他们的信任主要来自其本人代行村民自治中的公共服务行为以及个人德行修为。西江苗寨是这一区域最大的传统村落,也是著名乡村旅游景区。西江苗寨通过“方老”权威在场,使苗寨榔规、古歌、节庆、生态观念、防火习俗等传统文化得以有效整合,功能得到适恰发挥,重塑了村落社会秩序,成为事实上的治理机制。这种治理机制极具本土性和在地化的特点,人们易于接受,对于习化乡风、敦化民风、讲信修睦、协和乡里具有很强的可操作性。考察西江苗寨社会治理的文化网络可以看到,乡村振兴视野中丰富多彩的地域文化不仅仅是观光旅游的看点,更是乡村社会治理政府与民间共治、降低治理成本、推动治理创新、增强治理实效的内生资源和内在动力。

Strengthening social governance in ethnic minority areas and rural areas can be of great significance to promoting national governance and rural revitalization.Rural social governance in ethnic minority areas is not only appears to be dominated by national politics,law,and administration but also influenced by local economic development levels,ethnic culture,customs and habits,traditional concepts,geographical environment,and other factors.It is likely that in local rural social governance some aspects of ethnic folk culture appear indispensable and objectively constitute the supplementary resources for governmental administration.As a world cultural heritage tentative area,the Miao village community-at the foot of Leigong Mountain in the Miaoling range-displays regional cultural characteristics.In recent years,agreeing with local ethnic cultural characteristics,Miao village has actively explored and introduced new grassroots social governance paths,which conceivably not only reflect the inherent requirements of rural governance in the new era but also highlight local ethnic characteristics.Among them,it is found that the case of“Thousand Households Miao Village”in Xijiang can be quite representative and worthy of attention.Although arguably great changes have taken place in China s rural areas,their traditional way of social interpersonal communication,family-clans,and neighborhood relations managed by blood ties still seems to exist widely.Local gentry,made up of prestigious and seemingly able elders and sages,still appear to play an important role in rural social governance.These elites assume an indispensable part in coordinating conflicts and providing positive energy by setting themselves an example to others.Compared with the gentry who returned to their hometown,“Fanglao”are born and raised in their local village,and they do not have the experience of being an official elsewhere.The trust of the villagers in them mainly seems to come from their own quality of public service and personal moral character.Xijiang Miao Village is the largest traditional village in this region and is also a famous rural tourist attraction.Through the authority and“presence”of“Fanglao”,the traditional culture of the Miao village-such as the village rules,ancient songs,festivals,ecological concepts,and fire prevention customs-appears to be effectively integrated and functioning properly,thus reshaping the social order of the village and effectively forming a governance mechanism.By examining this cultural network of social governance in Xijiang Miao Village,it can be seen that the rich and colorful regional culture-from the perspective of rural revitalization-has not only become a hotspot of sightseeing tourism but also an endogenous resource and internal incentive for the co-governance of government and people in rural social governance.This appears to reduce governance costs,promote governance innovation,and enhance governance effectiveness.The integration of such resources arguably is in line with the internal logic of exploring innovation while considering local conditions in current rural governance.