3Kawashima K, Motohashi Y, Fujishima I. Prevalence of dyspha- gia among community-dwelling elderly individuals as estimat- ed using a questionnaire for dysphagia sereening [J]. Dyspha- gia, 2004, 19(4): 266-271.
4Achem SR, Devault KR. Dysphagia in aging [J]. J Clin Gastro- enterol, 2005, 39(5): 357-371.
5Jantsch E. The evolutionary vision: Toward a unifying para- digm of physical, biological, and sociocultural evolution [R]. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1981 : 83-116.
6Low J, Reed A. Electrotherapy Explained, Principles and Prac- tice [M]. 3rd ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000: 121-122.
7Hans B, Danielle VD, Nienke M, et al. Use of neuromuscular electrostimulation in the treatment of dysphagia in patients with multiple sclerosis [J]. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol, 2009, 118(4):241-246.
8Vanderthommen M, Crielaard JM. Muscle electric stimulation in sports medicine [J]. Rev Med Liege, 2001, 56: 391-395.
9Parham K,McKinnon BJ,Eibling D,et al.Challenges and opportunities in presbycusis[J].Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg,2011,144:491.