当代马来西亚印度教复兴及其影响探析

An Analysis of the Revival and Influence of Hinduism in Contemporary Malaysia

马来西亚是个多族群多宗教国家,作为第三大族群,印度人占总人口的8%左右,其中80%的印度人信奉印度教。随着20世纪70年代新经济政策的实施,以及工业化和伊斯兰教政治化的发展,印度人在政治、经济、教育等方面日益被边缘化,印度教也受到极大的冲击。面对边缘化困境,印度人亟须加强族群团结,于是复兴印度教就成为加强印度人身份认同的重要方式之一。在国际新印度教运动的推动下,马来西亚印度教复兴运动持续发展,印度教经典受到重视,赛巴巴运动在城市中产阶级中受到青睐,大宝森节规模宏大,印度教神庙不断翻新。马来西亚印度教发展呈现出以下几个特点:印度教的“梵化”,体现在吠檀多哲学的复兴,低种姓仿效高种姓的生活习惯和宗教仪式等方面;印度教神庙和仪式的“阿笈摩化”,在翻建神庙时,严格遵守印度教神学著作和祭祀仪轨,按照阿笈摩规定的仪式供奉和维护神庙及神灵;印度教的“泰米尔化”,马来西亚印度人中的80%是泰米尔人,因此印度教复兴呈现出明显的“泰米尔特性”;印度教复兴呈现出显著的阶级差别,中产阶级热衷于参与巴克提和赛巴巴的拜赞仪式,而劳工阶级坚持各种苦行仪式。印度教复兴对马来西亚印度社会和国家建构产生了一定影响,强化了印度人族群认同,并成为其权利抗争的突破口和推动力,也在一定程度上塑造了马来西亚的多元文化国家形象。

Malaysia is a multi-ethnic and multi-religious country.The Malays are the largest ethnic group,the Chinese are the second one,and the Indians are the third one,accounting for about 8%of the population,and 80%of the Indians believe in Hinduism.With the implementation of the New Economic Policy in the 1970s,as well as the development of industrialization and the politicization of Islam,Indians were increasingly marginalized in politics,economy,and education,and Hinduism was also greatly impacted.Driven by the international New Hindu Movement,the Hindu revival movement in Malaysia has risen and developed,the Hindu classics have been valued,the Sai Baba movement has been favored by the urban middle class,the Thaipusam festival is grand in scale,and the Hindu temples have been continuously renovated,showing the following characteristics:First,the“Sanskritization”of Hinduism is reflected in the revival of Vedanta philosophy,and the lower castes imitate the living habits and religious rituals of the upper castes;Second,the“Agamicization”of Hinduism temples and rituals,when renovating the temples,they strictly abide by Hindu theological writings and sacrificial rituals,and worship and maintain the temples and deities according to the rituals prescribed by Agamic;Third,the“Tamilization”of Hinduism,because 80%of the Indians in Malaysia are Tamils,the revival of Hinduism highlights“the Tamil characteristics”,etc.The revival of Hinduism has a certain impact on the Indian society and national construction in Malaysia,which has strengthened the ethnic identity of Indians,and has become a breakthrough and driving force for their rights struggle,and has also shaped the image of Malaysia as a multicultural country to a certain extent.