我国东北地区春玉米科学施肥评价

Evaluation of scientific fertilization of spring corn in Northeast China

为明确东北农户春玉米施肥现状,实现东北地区春玉米稳产增产和养分高效利用,2019年对东北典型春玉米种植区247个农户的春玉米养分管理调研,基于区域不同产量水平推荐施肥量评价农户施肥量,分析农户施肥存在的问题及其对科学施肥技术的掌握情况。结果表明,调研地区春玉米氮肥(N)、磷肥(P2O5)和钾肥(K2O)的平均施用量分别为228、107和96 kg/hm^(2),春玉米平均产量为9534 kg/hm^(2)。施氮合理、过量、不足的农户分别占16.6%、72.9%、10.5%;施磷合理、过量、不足的农户分别占18.6%、66.4%、15.0%;施钾合理、过量、不足的农户分别占16.2%、73.3%、10.5%。科学施肥技术采纳率由高到低依次为机械施肥(65%)、秸秆还田(41%)、肥料运筹(35%)和有机无机配施(9%)。机械施肥技术采纳率最高且效果最好,整体上较人工施肥可减少12.9%的氮肥用量并且提高12.4%的产量,其中对农户追肥意愿和追肥量影响较大,相比人工追施可减少40.7%的氮肥用量。东北地区农户春玉米氮、磷和钾肥均施用过量问题仍然存在,机械化施肥技术到位率较高且有效促进了当地玉米化肥减量增效,而下一步需加强秸秆还田、有机无机配施等管理措施的研究和推广,为实现东北地区玉米稳产增产和养分高效利用提供技术支撑。

Clarifying the farmers’nutrient input situation could provide theoretical basis for realizing a stable yield,high yield and high nutrient use efficiency in spring corn production.Through a survey of 247 farmers′nutrient management in Northeast China,a typical planting area of spring corn,the farmers′nutrient input was evaluated based on the recommended fertilizer application rate in this region,and the problems of local farmers′fertilizer application and the related scientific fertilization technology adopting rate were analyzed.The results showed that the average application rate of nitrogen fertilizer(N),phosphare fertilizer(P2O5)and potassium fertilizer(K2O)were 228,107 and 96 kg/hm^(2),respectively,and the average yield of spring corn was 9534 kg/hm^(2).For nitrogen fertilizer applications,16.6%farmers applying amount was suitable,72.9%was high,10.5%was low;for phosphate fertilizer applications,18.6%farmers applying amount was suitable,66.4%was high,15.0%was low;for potassium fertilizer applications,16.2%farmers applying amount was suitable,73.3%was high,10.5%was low.The adoption rate of scientific fertilization technology from high to low was mechanical fertilization(65%),straw returning(41%),fertilizer operation(35%)and organic-inorganic combined application(9%).Mechanical fertilization technology had the highest adoption rate and the best performance.Overall,it reduced the amount of N fertilizer by 12.9%and increased the yield by 12.4%,compared with artificial fertilization.Among them,farmers’willingness to topdressing and the amount of topdressing had a greater impact,which nitrogen application could be reduced by 40.7%,compared with artificial topdressing.Excessive application of N,P and K fertilizers for spring corn was still a problem for spring corn in Northeast China,and the excessive use of P fertilizer was the most serious.The mechanization fertilization technology adoption rates was high and it promoted the fertilizer reduction and the efficiency improvement on local corn and the next step was to strengthen the research and promotion of the straw returning,combined application of organic manure and chemical fertilizer and other management measures,to provide technical support for the realization of stable corn yield increase and high nutrient efficiency in Northeast China.