近代德国史学的“南北之分”:以兰克和施洛塞尔的世界史书写为例

The North-South Divergence in Modern German Historiography: Taking Ranke and Schlosser’s Writing of World History as an Example

自19世纪以来,世界史书写摒弃传统的百科全书式的方法,开始寻求整合、构建新的宏大叙事。与此同时,史学专业化兴起,在这一背景下,世界史书写面临新的困境,即如何协调整合历史与史料批判之间的张力,利奥波德·冯·兰克与弗里德利希·施洛塞尔在其中发挥了重要作用。他们基于不同的立场和方法,彼此相互攻讦争辩,塑造新的世界史叙事,为解决世界历史书写面临的困境提供了不同的方案。通过分析两者的世界史著作可以看出,史学专业化并非一个同质性的模式,不同历史学家在共享史学专业化的基本理念基础上,基于不同的选择,呈现出多元化的竞争性历史书写图景。

Since the nineteenth century,world history writing has departed from traditional encyclopedic style and begun to establish an integrated world history and to construct new grand narratives. At the same time,the professionalization of historiography started to rise. It was within this context that historians faced a new dilemma,namely,how to reconcile the tension between the integration of world history and the source criticism. To overcome this dilemma,Leopard von Ranke and Friedrich Christoph Schlosser debated on the different approaches to framing a new world history. By analyzing the world history works of the two scholars,this article argues that the professionalization of historiography is not a monolithic process. It also discusses different choices made by various historians who shared similar values of professionalization. It,therefore,presents multiple and competitive ways of history writing accompanied by the professionalization of historiography.