二次创作短视频合理使用规则的适用与完善

On the Application and Improvement of Fair-Use Rule in Secondary Creation in the mode of Short Video

自媒体技术的发展促进了二次创作短视频的兴起与繁荣,长视频平台与短视频平台、长视频创作者与短视频创作者之间的矛盾冲突随之产生。我国《宪法》第47条和《著作权法》第24条、鼓励短视频创作者创新以及最大化社会整体效用,分别为短视频创作者合理使用他人作品提供了规范、价值和经济分析方面的正当性。要素分析法是认定短视频创作行为是否构成合理使用的基本方法。作品性质要素、使用目的要素、替代性要素和适度引用要素在司法实践中存在认识上的分歧或误解,需要澄清。效果论和类型化有助于弥补要素法的缺陷。短视频创作中构成转化性使用需要满足在内容、目的、性质、功能方面与长视频存在实质差异,以及使用具有促进知识传播、鼓励创新的作用等条件。剪辑型短视频、解说型短视频和戏仿型短视频适用合理使用规则的可能性呈渐次增长的趋势。在弱化要素分析和扩张合理使用范围的情况下,需要建立长视频与短视频的收益共享机制。

The development of we-media technology promotes the emergence and prosperity of secondary creation in the mode of short video,thus leading to conflicts between long-video and short-video platforms,long-video and short-video creators.Article 47 of the Constitution and Article 24 of the Copyright Law encourage innovation by short-video creators and the maximization of the overall utility of society,and respectively provide legitimacy for short-video creators'fair use of others'work in terms of norms,values and economic analysis.The element analysis is a basic method of determining whether the creation of short video constitutes fair use.There are differences or misconception in the understanding of elements such as the work nature,the purpose of use,the substitution and moderate citation in judicial practice,which need to be clarified.The effect theory and typology are helpful to make up for the defects of element method.The transformative use in short-video creation need meet the conditions that there are substantial differences with the long video in terms of content,purpose,nature and function,and the use can promote knowledge dissemination and encourage innovation.The possibility of applying the fair-use rule to clip-based short videos,commentary short videos and parody-based short videos is increasing progressively.In the case of weakening element analysis and expanding the scope of fair use,it is necessary to establish a benefit sharing mechanism for long-video and short-video creators.