中亚国家民法典编纂:国家建构、民族性与现代性

Codification of Civil Codes in Central Asian Countries: State Construction,Nationality and Modernity

1991年中亚五国独立后,四国参照《俄罗斯联邦民法典》和《独联体国家示范民法典》制定了内容、结构、体例和语言风格极为相似的民法典,土库曼斯坦制定了德国式的民法典。民法典编纂的完成让中亚各国内部的民事法律得以统一化和体系化,从法律形式上实现了人民生活的国族化,各国内部不同族群民众有了共同生活的基本规则,实现了国家对社会的形式整合,促进了国家建构的完善。但中亚五国民法典编纂用时较短,没有进行民事习惯调查,本国的法学研究较弱,以移植、借鉴俄罗斯和西方的法律和学说为主,法律与社会较为疏离,因此从法典对民族国家建构的实质性效果来说,仍存在不少问题。中亚国家民法典中存在着民族性与现代性的张力,具体表现为极为复杂的本国法律传统和移植的现代性法律的冲突。中亚国家民法典实效性的提高需要在吸收本民族法律传统、建设成熟的现代法律文化的同时,处理好法律移植面对的排斥性和适应性问题,并在民法典的民族性和普适性之间寻找平衡点。

After the independence of the five Central Asian countries in 1991, the four countries formulated Civil Codes with very similar content, structure, style and language with reference to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation and the Civil Code of the CIS countries, and Turkmenistan formulated German-style Civil Code. The completion of the codification of the Civil Codes has unified and systematized the civil laws within the Central Asian countries,realized the nationalization of people’s life in legal form,and the people of different ethnic groups have the basic rules of common life, realized the integration of society and promoted the construction of the state.However,the codification of the five Civil Codes in Central Asia took a short time,and there was no investigation of civil habits. The domestic legal research was weak,mainly by transplanting and learning from Russian and western laws and theories,and the law and society were relatively alienated. Therefore,there were still many problems in terms of the substantive effect of the Civil Codes on the nation-state construction. There is a contradiction between nationality and modernity in the Civil Codes of Central Asian countries,which is manifested in the conflict between extremely complex domestic legal traditions and transplanted modern laws. The improvement of the Civil Codes of Central Asian countries needs to absorb the national legal tradition and build a mature modern legal culture,deal with the exclusion and adaptability of legal transplantation,and find a balance between the nationality and universality of the Civil Code.