先秦时期组玉佩起源与形制研究

Study on the Origin and Shape of the Jade Pendant in the Pre-Qin Period

针对先秦时期组玉佩起源与形制的问题,运用文献研究与考古实物两维印证的研究方法,考察出组玉佩萌芽于新石器时代晚期,发展于西周时期,式微于战国末期,它主要有佩戴式(颈部、肩部)与佩挂式两种形制。研究表明:①新石器时代晚期崇玉文化的盛行、玉石之路的开辟、制玉技术的进步以及组合型佩饰的样式,为组玉佩的萌芽奠定了充分的精神与物质准备;②佩戴式组玉佩中颈部组玉佩的形制反映了其明器属性,而肩部组玉佩的佩戴方式则体现了其日常属性,它们均是国君及其夫人的独享之物。同样,佩挂式组玉佩体现了一种普遍的阶级性,即统治阶级各个阶层均能佩挂;③先秦时期组玉佩的发展与服装变迁有着密切联系。上衣下裳式的正统服装,需要佩挂式组玉佩来避免走光现象。随着两周之际服装逐渐由上衣下裳制向深衣制的转型,使服装在形制上避免了非礼现象的出现,导致大型组玉佩逐渐式微。

In view of the origin and shape of the jade pendant in the pre-Qin period,using the research methods of literature research and archaeological objects,it is considered that the jade pendant sprouted in the late Neolithic Age,developed in the Western Zhou Dynasty,and declined in the late Warring States Period.It mainly has two shapes:wearing(neck,shoulder)and hanging.The research shows that:①The prevalence of jade worship culture in the late Neolithic Age,the opening of jade road,the progress of jade making technology and the style of combined accessories made sufficient spiritual and material preparations for the germination of the jade pendant;②The jade pendant worn in the neck reflects its funerary attributes,while the jade pendant worn in the shoulder reflects its daily attributes,which are exclusive to the monarch and his wife.Similarly,the wearing the jade pendant embodies a universal class nature,that is,all the ruling classes can wear it;③The development of the jade pendant in the pre-Qin period is closely related to the change of clothing.With the gradual improvement of etiquette in the Western Zhou Dynasty,the jade pendants were worn under the jacket to avoid being naked.During the Eastern and Western Zhou Dynasty,with the gradual transformation of clothing from jacket to ancient robe,the frequent occurrence of indecency in the form of clothing was avoided,which led to the gradual decline of large jade pendant.