基于语言使用实态的心理动词“爱”的用法与词典义项划分研究

A Study on the Real-Text-Based Use of the Psychological Verb“ai(love)”and“xihuan(like)”and Their Sense Divisions in Dictionaries

词典是人类知识的结晶,其义项划分是否合理不仅影响信息处理的词义消歧,也会影响学习者的语言使用,义项设置要照顾意义的区分,也应该关照词语的用法。文章基于对语料库真实文本的分析标注,考察了《现代汉语词典》以及部分学习词典中“爱”与其近义词“喜欢”的义项划分后发现:1.“爱2”可替换为“喜欢”,“爱4”可部分替换为“喜欢”,但它们分别对应的是不同用法、不同义项的“喜欢”,故以词释词的注释方式不适用于二语学习词典,易引起二语学习者理解和使用上的混乱,建议学习词典增加“爱”与“喜欢”的辨析注释。2.“爱2”与“爱4”语义上存在界限模糊现象,可从说话人视角对语义加以区别。3.心理动词“爱”与名词、动词、形容词搭配使用时义项有选择倾向性。4.从用法角度看,学习词典应该为“喜欢”加注后接贬义或负面义词语时所达之义。

The dictionary is the crystallization of human knowledge.Its sense division not only affects disambiguation in information processing,but also the language use of learners.Sense division in dictionaries should be based on word meaning and usage as well.Based on an analysis and annotation of real texts,this article investigates into the sense division of“ai(love)”and“xihuan(like)”in the Modern Chinese Dictionary and some learner’s dictionaries.It is found:(1)The second sense of“love”can be replaced with“like”,and its fourth sense can be partially replaced with“like”.Each of them matches the different uses and senses of“like”.Therefore,using words to define words is not fit for learner’s dictionaries for foreigners,because it is apt to cause confusion in word understanding and use on the part of the learner.It is suggested that a column is provided to discriminate the meanings of the two words.(2)The second and fourth senses of“love”are not clearly defined,and they should be discriminated from the speaker’s perspective.(3)The psychological verb“love”has a choice tendency when it collocates with nouns,verbs and adjectives.(4)From the perspective of usage,the learner’s dictionary should present the derogative or negative sense of“like”.