德国企业究竟为何愿意深度参与职业教育?——经济社会学视角下的分析

Why German Companies Are Willing to Get Deeply Involved in Vocational Education:Analysis from the Perspective of Economic Sociology

对于德国企业为何愿意深度参与职业教育,国内学者主要从成本收益以及历史制度主义等视角进行分析,但已有研究未能整合不同的研究视角,没有提供充分的解释。从经济社会学的视角出发,建构一个包含产业、学生和制度三个维度的分析框架,能够较好地解释这一现象,且符合德国职业教育的实情与逻辑。在产业维度,德国企业在市场地位和生产组织方式等方面的特征构成了企业对学徒需求的内在动力,而其协调市场经济下压缩的工资结构和不完全劳动力市场等特征则降低了企业对挖墙脚的担心,保障了企业对学徒的需求。在学生维度,教育系统内分流及升学的安排,使得大量学生主动选择职业教育,并以就业为主要目标,从而保障了职业教育的生源质量,强化了企业参与职业教育的动力。在制度维度,赋予行业企业在职业教育中较强权力的制度安排对企业参与职业教育起到了促进作用。

Chinese scholars have analyzed the issue concerning the deep involvement of companies in vocational education mainly from the perspective of cost-benefit and historical institutionalism,but the existing analyses fail to integrate the various research perspectives and therefore cannot provide adequate explanations of this issue.From the perspective of economic sociology,establishing an analytical framework which includes industry,students and institution,can explain the phenomenon well while conforming to the reality and logic of German vocational education.On the dimension of industry,the characteristics of the German companies on market status and production mode constitutes the inner demands for apprentice;while the compressed wage structure and imperfect labor market under the coordinated market economy reduce the worries of the companies about poaching issue,thus ensuring the demand of companies on skilled workers.On the dimension of students,the institutional arrangements of education stratification,streaming,and upgrading lead to the situation that a large number of students are willing to choose vocational education for employment,thus ensuring the quality of students,and reinforcing the incentives of companies to participate in vocational education.On the dimension of institution,institutional arrangements that give industry enterprises stronger power in vocational education have played a role in promoting enterprises to participate in vocational education.