美国制裁改革背景下的对俄经济制裁

U.S.Economic Sanctions against Russia and Biden’s Sanctions Reform

美国自冷战结束以来特别是在特朗普执政时期,对外频繁实施经济制裁,受到广泛批评。拜登执政后开始推动制裁改革,强调要为经济制裁设定清晰目标、加强同盟友和伙伴国的协调、减少制裁的非故意后果、提高制裁的灵活性和易执行度,并增强政府内制裁团队力量。在俄罗斯对乌克兰发起特别军事行动后,美国联合盟友对俄罗斯发起规模空前的经济制裁,这为观察拜登政府的制裁改革提供了重要契机。研究发现,美国对俄制裁的目标杂乱且是危险的,对制裁与其他对外政策工具的统筹运用明显不足,强调用制裁惩罚俄罗斯但忽视了制裁的谈判议价功能,并且低估了制裁的系统性影响。可见,美国对俄制裁背离了拜登政府制裁改革的初衷和原则。如果这属于无意背离,说明拜登政府对制裁改革并不严肃;如果属于有意背离,则意味着美国为对俄制裁设定了非常宏大的战略目标,意在重塑区域乃至全球政治经济秩序。

Since the end of the Cold War,especially under the Trump administration,the United States has conducted economic sanctions more frequently,drawing growing international criticism.The Biden administration embarks on a reform of U.S.sanctions,which involves setting clear objectives,strengthening coordination with allies,mitigating unintended consequences,emphasizing flexibility and efficacy,and modernizing the capacity of sanctions enforcers.The unprecedented economic sanctions imposed by the United States and its allies on Russia following Moscow’s military actions in Ukraine provide an important opportunity to assess the Biden administration’s sanctions reform.Washington has set mixed and dangerous goals for Russia sanctions and failed to coordinate the use of sanctions and other foreign policy tools.It emphasizes using sanctions to punish Russia while ignoring their bargaining function,and underestimates the systemic impact of sanctions.This shows that the U.S.sanctions against Russia deviate from the purposes and principles of President Biden’s sanctions reform,which either means that the Biden administration is not very serious about its sanctions reform or it has set a very ambitious goal for the sanctions against Russia,aiming to reshape the regional and even global political and economic order.