我国坟茔不动产权利的剖析与重构

Analysis and Reconstruction of Grave Real Estate Right in China

现行坟茔不动产权利制度存在着一定的缺失和偏差,这是导致坟茔保护不力的重要原因。坟墓与墓地之间不适用添附规则,坟墓与墓地之上可以单独设立不动产权利;此外,公墓内外的坟茔不动产权利具有各自的生成逻辑,宜分开讨论。在《民法典》已经颁布实施的背景下,运用习惯物权和事实物权理论以优化坟茔不动产权利,初步设想为:丧主和村民对于公墓内外的坟墓可依法取得所有权并享有坟墓占用范围内的物权性质的墓地使用权。为实现上述设想,建议扩张解释《民法典》第116条中的“法律”,将习惯法纳入物权法源,同时,修改《殡葬管理条例》第10条、第15条等规定,适度放宽殡葬行政管制以满足民众基本的殡葬需求。

The current system of grave real estate right in China has problems of deficiencies and deviations,which is the important reason for inadequate protection of grave.There is no additional legal effect between the tomb and the cemetery;real estate right can be established separately on them.China should explore the optimization ways of grave real estate right inside and outside the public cemetery under the guidance of different theories.Under the background that Civil Code has been promulgated and implemented,China can optimize the grave real estate right through the theories of customary property right and de facto property right.Specifically,the bereaved and villagers may acquire the ownership of the tombs inside and outside the public cemetery according to law and are entitled to cemetery use right in nature of property right within the scope of the tomb.In order to achieve the above vision,China should expand the interpretation of the“law”in Article 116 of Civil Code to incorporate customary law into the source of property right and amend the provisions of Article 10 and 15 of Administrative Regulations on Funeral and Interment to appropriately relax the administrative control of funeral and interment in order to meet the funeral needs of the public.