对2017版《运动训练学》教材训练方法理论体系的审视与研究

Examination and Research on the Theoretical Construction of“Sports Training Science”(2017 Edition)

训练方法理论体系是训练学理论的重要组成部分,也是训练学中最具实践性与应用价值的理论问题之一;本文以促进国内训练学理论的国际化发展为目的,将2017高教版《运动训练学》教材与国外经典训练学专著中,对训练方法理论阐述的差异性进行分析,并在此基础上对国内训练方法理论提出改进建议。结论:国内训练方法理论的构建,多为第三方观察者视角,对客观训练过程进行系统总结而来,这种形式的理论结构性较好;国外相关理论则多为教练员第一视角,以训练方法实施的目的为出发点,注重对方法的机理与功能进行分析,实践性较强;造成国内训练方法当前局面的原因主要为训练学基础概念与理论的限制性。建议:当前国内的训练方法理论应首先从目的与任务的不同为出发点,划分为教学法与训练法,以掌握为目的的教学法可分为完整教学法、分解教学法、加难教学法与减难教学法,以提高表现水平为目的的训练法可分为重复训练法、变换训练法、持续训练法与间歇训练法,以此为前提,再以生物学为基础上对具有相似主导能力或能量代谢特征的项目进行训练方法的分类总结与研究。

The theoretical system of training methods is an important part of sports science,and it is also one of the most practical and valuable theoretical problems in training;From the perspective of practical,through the analysis of the differences of training method theory in the training materials at home and abroad,this paper studies the phenomenon that the current domestic training method theory is not closely combined with practice,and on this basis,puts forward suggestions for the improvement of domestic training method theory.Conclusion:the construction of domestic training method theory is mostly from the perspective of the third-party observer,which systematically summarizes the objective training process;Foreign training method theories are mostly from the first perspective of coaches,focusing on the analysis of the mechanism and function of training methods from the purpose of the implementation;The main reason for the current situation of domestic training methods is the limitation of basic concepts and definition.Suggestions:the current domestic training method theory should be divided into teaching method and training method based on the difference of purpose.The teaching method for the purpose of mastering can be divided into complete teaching method,decomposition teaching method,adding difficulty teaching method and reducing difficulty teaching method.The training method for the purpose of improving performance level can be divided into repeated training method,transformation training method,continuous training method and interval training method,based on this premise,and then summarize training methods for events with similar dominant ability or energy metabolism characteristics.