敦煌文献中的回鹘名称考

On the Names of Uighurs in Dunhuang Literature

在敦煌文献中,对回鹘的称呼多种多样。除了“回鹘”“回纥”之外,“猃狁”“匈奴”“凶奴”“突厥”也常用来指代回鹘。此外,有时也用“北虏”“獯戎”“东羌”“羌戎”“鬼方”等来代指回鹘。这些代称绝大多数出现在文学作品之中,需细心甄别、考证方可发现这些称谓与回鹘之间的关系。考证时亦要根据文献的内容、背景,并结合其他文献进行全面分析。

In Dunhuang literature,there are various names for the Uighur.In addition to“Uyghur(回鹘)”and“Huihe(回纥)”,“Xianyun(猃狁)”is often used to refer to Uyghur.The“Xianyun(猃狁)”in Dunhuang literature does not refer to the ancient northern minority who lived in the Jingshui river and Luoshui river basins,but the most commonly used special reference for the Uighur in the late Tang and Five Dynasties.In Dunhuang literature,the Uighurs are often referred to as“Xiongnu(匈奴、凶奴)”and“Turks(突厥)”.In addition to the above,“Barbarians of the North(北虏)”,“Xunrong(獯戎)”,“Dongqiang(东羌)”,“Qiangrong(羌戎)”and“Guifang(鬼方)”are also used to refer to the Uighurs.Most of these names appear in literary works,and it is necessary to carefully distinguish and research the connection between these names and the Uighur.The research should also be based on the content and background of the literature,combined with other literature for a comprehensive analysis.