通过社会交往的农村老年人精神慰藉实现:生成逻辑与路径优化

Realization of Spiritual Comfort for the Rural Elderly through Social Interaction:Generative Logic and Path Optimization

作为一项国家战略,积极应对人口老龄化建立在对农村的主战场位置、老年人的需求状况的深刻把握基础之上。历时性地看,既有研究经历了从“资源匮乏”到“精神空缺”的老年需求定位转向,并基于客体本位视角提出文化公共品供给路径,但这种过于强调老年人的受众角色以及“物”的供给内容,忽视其精神需求实现于村庄主体间性的社会交往这一事实。伴随乡村社会转型,生产性交往、仪式性交往逐渐失去实质内容,而社会性交往因为“熟人社会”与“需求同质”双重条件支撑,被认为是满足老年人精神需求的主要实践类型。然而,以公共空间衰落、公共文化异化、公共组织无为和公共利益脱嵌为表征的村庄“去公共性”,致使老年人面向村庄的社会交往面临不少困顿。以迈向友好为取向,提出组织动员同辈群体与适老文娱活动、加强国家宣传下乡与村庄精英吸纳、重塑基层组织自主性与公共服务能力、创新土地确权模式和结平衡账机制四重路径,以促动社会交往所需的空间再造、文化亲和、组织有为和利益相关,推动“不分年龄、人人参与”的村庄社会交往秩序建构。

As a national strategy, the active response to the aging population is based on a deep understanding of the focuses in rural areas and the needs of the elderly. Diachronically, the existing research has experienced a shift from “lack of resources” to “spiritual poverty”, and put forward the supply channels of cultural public goods based on the object-oriented perspective. However, this over-emphasis on the role of the served elderly and the content of “the supplied” neglects the fact that their spiritual needs are realized in the social interaction of the village-based intersubjectivity. With the transformation of the rural society, productive communication and ritual communication gradually lose their substance, while social communication is considered as the main practical type to meet the spiritual needs of the elderly because of the dual conditions of “acquaintance society” and “homogeneous demand”. However, the village's “de-publicity”, which is characterized by the decline of the public space, the alienation of public culture, the inaction of public organizations and the de-embedding of public interests, makes the elderly encounter a lot of difficulties in village-based social communication. In the orientation towards friendship, this paper puts forward four approaches: organizing and mobilizing peer groups and recreational activities for the elderly, strengthening the publicity in the countryside by the government and the absorption of the village elites, reshaping the role of providing public services and strengthening service capabilities, and innovating the land confirmation mode and the balance account mechanism, which can promote the spatial reconstruction, cultural affinity, efficient organizations and interest-related social interaction, and finally promote the construction of the interaction ecology of the village society of “regardless of age;participation of everyone”.