清中叶的剃头纠纷与剃头匠---来自刑科题本的案例

Barber Disputes and Barbers in the Mid⁃Qing Dynasty:Cases from Xingke Tiben(Legal Case Records of Grand Secretariat)

剃头纠纷围绕剃头活动形成的人际关系网络而发生,剃头的人际关系最主要的是剃头匠与客人之间的主客关系,他们最容易产生的纠纷是客人亏欠剃头钱。剃头铺内有多种关系,也发生各种矛盾:剃头铺主人与帮工的纠纷,工钱往往是纠纷的导火线;剃头匠师傅与徒弟、剃头合伙人之间、帮工与店伙也有各种纠纷。清代的剃头铺服务,为客人梳辫剃头、搅剃耳窍,剃头铺帮工每月工钱大约四五百文,铜盆剃刀是剃头行业最主要的谋生工具。剃头匠年龄分布比较均匀,多是父母俱故、到外地谋生的穷苦手艺人。僧人与剃发结缘,剃刀伤人事故多。民间自备剃刀,也成为轻生的工具或杀人的凶器。

Barber disputes arose from the interpersonal network formed through the barber works.The most important interpersonal relationship was between the barber and the clients,and the most likely dispute between them was that the client owes money for shaving.There were various intra⁃barber shop relationships and conflicts.The pay was often the fuse of the dispute between barber shop keeper and the assistants.There were also various disputes between the barber master and his apprentice,between barber shop partners,and between assistants and clerks.In the Qing Dynasty(1644⁃1911),the barber shop provided services for clients to braid and shave their hair and clean out their ears.The monthly wage of a barber shop assistant was about four or five hundred Wen(文one“standard cash”).Copper basin and razor were the most important tools for a barber shop.Barbers were evenly distributed in age,and most of them were poor parentless craftsmen who left their home places to make a living.Buddhist monks shave their hair quite often.There were many accidents of injuries related to a razor.Private razors also became tools for suicide or murder weapons.