孔子“删诗”与《诗经》文本的经典化

“Master Confucius Deletes Songs”and the canonization of Shijing(the Book of Songs)

西周康王时期出现以《雅》《颂》命名的《诗》文本,此后不断出现《诗》文本的编集,季札观乐时已经存在着很成熟的《诗》文本。到了孔子时代,礼崩乐坏的局面造成了《诗》文本的混乱。于是孔子收集各种《诗》文本,重新进行编集,这就是《史记》所言的“删诗”。孔子编集的《诗》文本主要以古本为依据,基本延续了季札观乐时的格局。孔子“删诗”的目的在于复兴礼乐,不过,就其所处时代及自身处境而言,这种愿望很难实现;其编集的《诗》文本主要用于教学,并在很长时间内是作为儒家经典而存在的。经历秦火之后,汉代四家诗不仅沿承孔编《诗》文本的传统,并且逐渐成为国家经典。

The text under“Ya《雅》”(“Hymns”)and“Song《颂》”(“Eulogies”)appeared in King Kang period of the Western Zhou Dynasty(1046⁃771 BC),and since then,the compilation of the text of Shijing(the Book of Songs)emerged continuously.When Ji Zha(季札)viewing music and dance,there were already very mature texts of Shijing.By the time of Confucius,the propriety disintegration(rites collapse,music spoilt)caused the confusion of the text of Shijing.As a result,Confucius collected various versions of the text and compiled them again,which is mentioned as“Master Confucius Deletes Songs”in the Records of the Grand Historian.The text of Shijing compiled by Confucius is mainly based on ancient books,which basically continues the arrangements of the time when Ji Zha viewing music and dance.Confucius’purpose of“deleting songs”is to revive rites and music.However,given his time and his own situation,this desire is difficult to realize.The text compiled by him was mainly used for teaching and existed as a Confucian classic for a long time.After the burning of books of Qin Dynasty(221⁃207 BC),the four different versions of Shijing in Han Dynasty,following the tradition of Confucius in compiling the text,gradually became national classics.