清代地方诬告案的发生——基于二元规范话语的考察

The Causation of Local False Accusations in Qing Dynasty——An investigation based on binary normative discourse

清代地方判牍中充斥着大量诬告案,对此,法史学界一直有这样的解释,所谓“为图准状而诬告说”,但此观点尚有值得商榷的余地,解决之道在于回答“什么是诬告”。通过考察清代地方判牍发现,地方官话语中的诬告与中央规范层面的诬告认定上存在不一致性问题,地方官话语中的诬告有非规范的一面,有时只是一种事实表达,当诬告的是轻案时,对后果、情节和主观方面的表达多有忽视,其目的在于进行话语威慑,使一方息讼;而诬告的是重案时则趋向中央规范层面,定罪上会依照律例之规定,考虑行为人的主观意图、告诉后引虚、危害后果或情节严重性等方面,继而从轻发落。

There are a large number of false accusations in the local verdicts in the Qing Dynasty.There has been such a common explanation in the field of law and history,the so-called"false accusation for litigation permission from court".However,this view is still open to discussion.The solution lies in answering"what is false accusation".Based on the investigation of the local verdicts in the Qing Dynasty,it is found that there is inconsistency between the false accusations in the discourse of local norm and the identification of the false accusations in the central norm.The false accusations in the discourse of local norm have a non-norm meaning,sometimes just a kind of fact expression.For example,when the false accusation is light,the expression of the consequences,circumstances and subjective aspects are often ignored,and the purpose is to carry out discourse deterrence and end the lawsuit;When the false accusation is serious,it tends to the central norm.In the conviction,according to the laws and regulations,the subjective intention of subject,confession after false accusation,the harmful consequences or the serious circumstances would be considered,and then the punishment could be lighter.