电子商务平台安全保障义务的范式解读与路径优化

Paradigm Interpretation and Path Optimization of E-Commerce Platforms’Security Obligation

电子商务平台安全保障义务的缺失引发了威胁消费者生命健康等现实问题,对电子商务平台施加安全保障义基于其“风险开启者”“显性被信赖缔约方”“准权力拥有者”的三重身份,旨在发挥电子商务平台自身治理优势,提升国家在电商领域公共治理的效能,保护消费者生命健康等权益,促进虚拟与实体经济良性发展。现有立法体系中安全保障义务的法律条文分散且不统一,致使理论界争议不断,司法适用混杂。明确《民法典》第1198条的适用空间与《电子商务法》第38条第2款的法律内涵,确立《民法典》第1198条与《电子商务法》第38条第2款在处理电子商务平台安全保障义务方面的原生性地位,是解决学界争议与实务适用混杂的关键。对电子商务平台实现分类分级管理是实现义务苛于精准性的重要一步,打破常规思维理性认识“最大化努力”标准是明晰安全保障义务标准的关键一环,基于数据以风险控制能力为导向架构安全保障义务标准是削弱主观肆意的客观因素。与此同时,民法对于电子商务平台的安全保障义务的规制效力的强度是否能够适应电子商务平台的未来发展速度和方向是存疑的。因此,基于前瞻性理念统筹刑法、民法、行政法构建全方位规范体系,以解决社会问题为导向构建安全保障义务体系显得尤为必要。

The lack of security obligations of e-commerce platform has caused real problems that threaten the life and health of consumers,and the security obligation of e-commerce platform is based on the triple status of"risk opener","dominant trusted party"and"quasi-power owner",aiming to enhance the effectiveness of public governance in the field of e-commerce,protect rights and interests of consumers'life and health,and promote sound economic development.At present,the legal provisions of the obligation of security in the existing legislative system are scattered and not unified,which leads to constant disputes in the academic circles and judicial applications.Clarifying the scope of application of Article 1198 of the Civil Code and Article 38,paragraph 2 of the Electronic Commerce Act is the key to resolving the confusion in academic disputes and practical application.To solve social problems by building up a security system should conform to procedural justice and substantive justice compatible with the use of classification system,and need a rational understanding of the"maximization efforts"standard.Basing security obligation standards on data risk control capability is an objective factor that can weaken subjectivity.At the same time,it is doubtful whether the regulating intensity of the civil law on the security obligation can adapt to the speed and direction of e-commerce platforms’future development.Therefore,it is particularly necessary to build a comprehensive normative system of security obligations to solve social problems,based on an overall planning of criminal law,civil law,administrative law with a forward-looking idea.