论消费公私益诉讼中惩罚性赔偿的制度整合

On the System Integration of Punitive Damages in Consumer Public-Private Interest Litigation

《消费者权益保护法》及相关立法规定的惩罚性赔偿,在私益诉讼中多与补偿性赔偿并行适用,而在公益诉讼中则单独地适用惩罚性赔偿。二者对同一条文做出不同的解释方案,体现出对两类赔偿的构成要件、适用方式等方面存在认知错误。实际上,私益诉讼中适用的欺诈前提与其行为可罚性存在张力,不论是撤销还是继续保持消费合同效力,其与实际损害关系、双方过错的民事责任考量间相冲突,揭示私益诉讼中惩罚性赔偿也具有独立单独适用的制度面向。而当前的公益诉讼实践中对立法文本的扩张解释,也在事实基础、适用前提和具体方式方面,冲击着惩罚性赔偿条款的文义解释方案。通过分别审视公私益诉讼的适用过程,能发现消费者、消协、检察机关与合法经营者处于共同的市场治理秩序中,惩罚性赔偿是他们相同的参与身份所衍生出的共享性请求权,应在不重复适用、前后诉协调的框架下,整合公私益诉求以共同致力于良好消费秩序的构建。

The punitive damages stipulated by the Consumer Protection Law and related legislation are usually applied in parallel with compensatory damages in private interest litigation,while the punitive damages are applied separately in public interest litigation.The different legal interpretation schemes of the two relative provisions reflect the cognitive errors in the constituent elements and application methods of the two types of damage.In fact,there is tension between the applicable fraud premise and the punishability of the act in private interest litigation.Whether to cancel or continue to maintain the validity of consumption contract,the conflict between it and the actual damage relationship and the consideration of civil liability for the fault of both parties reveals that punitive damages litigation also has an independent system orientation in private interest.However,in the current practice of public interest litigation,the expanded interpretation of the legislative text also impacts the literal rule scheme of the punitive damages clause in terms of factual basis,applicable premise and specific ways.By reviewing the application of the public and private interest litigation process respectively,it can be found that consumers,consumers association,the public prosecutor and legitimate operators are actually under a common market governance order.Punitive damages are the sharing claims derived from their same participation status.We should integrate the demands of public and private interests under the framework of non-repeated application and preand post-lawsuit coordination,so as to jointly strive for the construction of a good consumption order.