《时宪历》传入朝鲜及其流播探析

Discussion of Chinese Shixian Calendar into the Korean Dynasty and its Dissemination

明清鼎革,清朝将《时宪历》作为官方历书颁行天下,《时宪历》经由赴京使行传入属国朝鲜。朝鲜王廷逐步接受并采纳《时宪历》,将其在全国刊印施用,同时不断派遣使臣赴京购买历法书籍、学习《时宪历》的编算方法。《时宪历》对中朝封贡制度内的年号、纪年等时间规则进行了制定,但朝鲜举国都表现出对奉行清朝正朔的极大反感。《时宪历》在朝鲜传播的历程,反映出明清更迭后朝鲜的对华观由“尊明”“慕华”到“贬清”“攘夷”的嬗变,实质上体现出朝鲜在政治上屈服、文化上反叛的二元对立。

The Qing Dynasty replaced the Ming Dynasty,and the Qing Dynasty promulgated the Shixian Calendar as an official almanac throughout the country.The Shixian Calendar was introduced into Korea through the Tribute envoys.The Korean Dynasty gradually accepted and adopted the Shixian Calendar and published it throughout the country.At the same time,envoys were constantly sent to Beijing to buy calendar books and learn the compilation method of the Calendar.The Shixian Calendar stipulated the rules of time such as the name of the year and the date of the year in the East Asian tribute system,but the whole Korean Dynasty showed great repugnance for the adoption of the Qing Dynasty’s Zhengshuo (January 1st in Chinese lunar calendar).The course of the dissemination of Shixian Calendar in Korea reflects the change of Korea’s view on China after the Ming Dynasty was replaced by the Qing Dynasties:from"respecting the Ming Dynasty"and "worshipping Chinese nation" to "devaluing the Qing Dynasty" and "rejecting Yi (Chinese nation)".In essence,it reflects the binary opposition of the Korean Dynasty political submission and cultural rebellion.