20世纪日韩国家—社会关系转型比较

A Comparison of the Transformation of State-Society Relations between Japan and ROK in the Twentieth Century

很长时间以来,托克维尔式的公民社会概念及其分析框架强调社会与国家之间的二分对立以及前者对后者的制约和限制,并且成为理解现代西欧国家与其社会关系的基本出发点。然而,本文在对日本和韩国进行比较分析后发现,葛兰西而非托克维尔对国家—社会关系的分析更加适用于这两个国家在20世纪政治现代化的发展以及演变历史。本文认为,之所以会出现这两种国家—社会关系类型,是由于不同时间节点(第二次世界大战结束和冷战结束)导致国家在选择政治发展目标方面存在差异。受到这种特殊节点的影响,国家建设与成建制社会力量壮大的先后顺序在日韩两国内部及其与西欧国家之间有较为明显的不同,导致两国的国家政权在很长时间里都能够通过各种手段对国内的各社会力量进行渗透与控制。

The Tocquevillian concept of civil society and its analytical framework always emphasize the dichotomy between society and the state because the former might restrict the latter.Therefore,this concept and framework became the starting point for understanding the relationship between modern Western European countries and their domestic social structure(s).However,in the 20 th century,Gramsci rather than Tocqueville’s analysis of state-society relations is more applicable to the evaluation of the historical process of political modernization in Japan and ROK.Different timing(the end of World WarⅡand the end of the Cold War)resulted in different choices of the two countries regarding a range of political development goals,which caused the emergence of two kinds of state-society relations.With the influence of special timing,temporal sequencing of state-building and the growth of established social forces made an obvious distinction between Japan and ROK,both of which were different from the Western Europe.As a result,the authorities of the two countries were able to infiltrate and control their domestic social forces in a variety of ways for a long time.