危险作业罪罪状的立法缺陷及其修正——以三项法定情形为中心

The Legislative Defects of the Crime of Dangerous Work and Its Amendments——Focusing on Three Statutory Situations

虽为《刑法修正案(十一)》的标志性立法实践,危险作业罪仍因罪状表述缺乏类型化面临质疑。考察罪名生成路径可知,该罪罪状的表述源于既有司法解释,罪状的设定依据在于三项情形均有"多发易发、造成危险"的特征,然而,"多发易发、造成危险"仅是三项情形的一致性特征而非专属性特征,以此作为罪状的设定依据存在逻辑漏洞,导致该罪陷于适用困境。危险作业罪罪状的完善应跳出单一刑事法的研究视野,首先结合实际生产模式和《安全生产法》的规定,构建属于本罪的"4M理论"并作为罪状的设定依据,进而从人-项目-设备-制度四方面分别设置罪状,同时,严格遵循"理念以控制处罚范围,从扩大内涵和限制外延两方面完成罪状的重新设计。

Although it is a landmark legislative practice of the Criminal Law Amendment(Ⅺ),the Crime of Dangerous Work still faces doubts due to the lack of typification of the crime statement.Examining the path of the accusation,it can be seen that the expression of the accusation of this crime originated from the existing judicial interpretation,and the basis of the establishment of the accusation is that the three situations have the characteristics of“frequent occurrence and danger”.However,this is only a consistent feature of the three situations rather than an exclusive feature.As a basis for setting a crime,there are logical loopholes in the crime,which leads to the predicament of application of the crime.The improvement of the crime statement should jump out of the research field of single criminal law.First,combine the actual production model and the administrative law to construct the"4 M theory"that belongs to this crime and use it as the basis of the crime statement,and then set up the crime from the four aspects of Man-Matter-Machine-Manage.At the same time,strictly follow the concept of“strict and lenient”to control the scope of punishment,and complete the redesign of the crime from expanding the connotation and limiting the extension.