机会不平等的历史唯物主义检视

Critique on Opportunity Inequality in View of Historical Materialism

启蒙运动以来的政治实践体现了对自然的机会不平等的反抗,其中既包括血统、等级所维系的机会不平等,还包括了宗教信仰、种族乃至外貌所维系的卡理斯玛支配。尤其在18世纪以来的自由主义治理技艺中,机会平等成为了治理合法性的来源。曾经被自然的先天因素所决定的社会等级及其不平等的生存条件,不仅由于其偶然性而被排除出了正义原则,更是由于其非理性的基础而得不到道德的承认。但是,面对阶级社会注定无法消除的机会不平等现象,特别是面对技术—金融垄断资本主义所造就的“世袭”统治结构,试图调和“搭便车”的话语资源日渐匮乏。历史唯物主义则穿透了普遍犬儒的当代意识形态外壳,揭示出阶级化的机会不平等的必然性与不合理性,为当代无产阶级指明了以机会平等作为客观结果的政治事件的实践方向。

The political practice since the Enlightenment embodies a revolt against natural inequality of opportunity,both by blood and rank,as well as by religion,race,and even physical appearance.Especially in the governance of liberalism since the 18th century,equality of opportunity has become a main source of legitimacy.The social hierarchies and unequal living conditions,were not only excluded from the principle of justice because of their contingency,but also denied on the moral level because of the irrational foundations.However,inequality of opportunity has been inherently symbiotic with class society.Techno-financial monopoly capitalism has already created a nearly“hereditary”ruling structure,making the discourse resources of contemporary liberalism more difficult to reconcile various forms of“free-rider”phenomenon.Historical materialism penetrated the contemporary ideological shell of universal cynicism,reveals the inevitability and irrationality of inequality of opportunity in class society,and indicated a practical direction for the contemporary working class to realize the equality of opportunity as an objective historical result.