狄尔斯-阿尔德反应催化剂

Diels-Alder Reaction Catalyst

狄尔斯-阿尔德(Diels-Alder)可以构建结构丰富的有机化合物,被认为是现代有机化学中的基石反应之一。自1928年被发现以来,Diels-Alder(D-A)反应得到了深入发展,这主要是由于该反应能够产生六元环结构,可以一步反应得到具有四个立体中心的产物,从而大大增加分子的复杂性。这种特殊的转化已广泛应用于复杂天然产物的合成、药物化学以及材料科学等领域。近十年,大量天然生物酶(如SpnF、MaDA等)被发现可用于体外单独催化D-A反应,同时,大量的非酶催化剂(如路易斯酸、过渡金属与配体复合物等)也被应用于催化D-A反应。本文主要从D-A反应催化剂的类型分类,对近年来天然酶、酸、过渡金属、电催化等参与的D-A反应进行简要概述,同时对催化剂所存在的问题和局限性进行总结,并对今后发展做了展望。

The Diels-Alder reaction(D-A)is considered as one of the cornerstone reactions in modern organic chemistry due to its powerful ability to build the structured organic compounds.Since it was discovered in 1928,the D-A reaction has been further developed,mainly because it can produce six-membered rings along with the generation of up to four stereogenic centers in one step,which greatly increases the molecule complexity.This particular transformation has been widely used in the synthesis of complex natural products as well as pharmaceutical chemistry or materials science and other fields.In the last decade,many natural biological enzymes(such as SpnF,MaDA,etc.)have been found to be used to catalyze D-A reactions in vitro.On the other hand,many other non-enzymatic catalysts(such as Lewis acid,transition metal and ligand complexes,etc.)have also been applied in the catalytic process of D-A reaction.This article mainly classifies the reaction catalysts,and briefly summarizes D-A reactions involving natural enzymes,acids,transition metals,and electrocatalysis in recent years.At the same time,the deficiencies as well as perspective of the catalyst have been highlighted.