《尚书·无逸》的文体特征及文体学意义--兼谈口头家训的发生与文本的凝定

The Stylistic Features and Stylistic Significance of Shang Shu·Wu Yi--Also on the Occurrence of Verbal Admonition and the Concretization of Texts

把早期家族、家庭内部口头训诫的社会行为和话语用文字记录下来,再经过加工,逐渐凝定为家训文。周成王七年周公即将还政成王前,对成王以“毋逸”为主题进行训导谈话,由当时的史官记录下来,后编辑成篇,再编入《尚书》,凝定为传本《无逸》。由于《无逸》文本隐去了叙事框架,于是由一篇叙事之文演变成了论说体文章。《尚书·无逸》所反映的是在家族之内周公以家族长辈的身份,对成王从立身处世、治国理政方面进行教导,用简练的散句来表达丰富的内容,娓娓道来,语重心长,据题抒论,主题明确,家训体的文体特征在《无逸》篇中得以充分体现。《无逸》是现存同类文体的书面文献材料中最早的完整篇章,是现存中国古代最早的专题论说类家训体作品。

The social behaviours and words of verbal admonition from the early families and households were recorded in writing,and then processed and gradually condensed into a family rule.In the seventh year of the reign of King Cheng of Zhou,before Zhou Gong was about to return to the reign,he gave a lecture to King Cheng on the theme of“Wu Yi(No Desire for Comfort)”,which was recorded by the historian of the time,edit⁃ed into a text,compiled into the Shang Shu and condensed into the biographical text“Wu Yi”.As the narra⁃tive framework was removed from the text of“Wu Yi”,it evolved from a narrative text to a polemical one.The text of Shang Shu·Wu Yi reflects the teaching of Zhou Gong,the eldest member of the family,to King Cheng on how to conduct oneself in the world and how to govern the state.He used concise prose to express the rich⁃ness of the content,and spoke in a clear and serious manner.He expressed his thesis according to the subject with clear theme.The style of the family tradition is fully reflected in“Wu Yi”.It is the earliest surviving com⁃plete chapter in a written documentary material of its kind,and is the earliest surviving work in the style of a thematic treatise on the family rules in ancient China.