日本有形与无形文化遗产保护制度的差异—以“有形文化财”与“无形文化财”的对比为例

Differences Between Protection Systems of Tangible and Intangible Cultural Heritage in Japan—A Comparative Case Study Between Tangible and Intangible Cultural Property

日本作为已知的最早将无形文化遗产纳入法律体系进行保护的国家,已经走过了70多个春秋。由于无形文化遗产是以传承人(在日本的保护体系中主要指保持者与保持团体中的技艺传承者,大致对应我国的代表性传承人以及正在探索中的代表性传承团体(群体)中的技艺传承者)为主要载体进行传承的文化遗产,其与主要依赖物体进行传承的有形文化遗产存在着天然的差别。文章以日本的有形文化财与无形文化财2个子项为例进行比较,阐述为了维护人权、承认人有自然寿命的极限,以及人的艺术具有不断变化性等前提之下,日本在进行保护制度的设计时,针对无形文化遗产所作出的有别于有形文化遗产的差异化制度安排。

It has been more than 70 years since Japan started to protect its intangible cultural heritage by including it into the country’s legal system,which is widely known as the earliest state to do so in the world.Since the inheritance of intangible cultural heritage largely relies on the successor,which naturally differs from tangible heritage that relies on preservation of objects.In this article,a comparative analysis of Japanese Tangible and Intangible Cultural Properties showed the difference in the protection systems,which relate to the protection of human rights,the limits of human beings’life span and the native of constant changes of art.