金融安全视野下控股股东、实际控制人的刑事责任认定--以《刑法修正案(十一)》为视角

On Legislative Expansion and Judicial Restriction of Criminal Liability of Controlling Shareholders and Actual Controllers:A Perspective of the Criminal Law Amendment XI

金融犯罪的有效治理关乎金融安全系统性风险的防范。金融证券市场上控股股东、实际控制人享有的权利与其承担的责任严重失衡,导致实践中控股股东、实际控制人滥用控制权的事件频发,引发金融风险。为与《证券法》相衔接并契合我国重视资本市场改革的趋势,经过《刑法修正案(六)》《刑法修正案(十一)》两次立法扩张,刑法在欺诈发行证券罪,违规披露、不披露重要信息罪和背信损害上市公司利益罪条款下均单独规定了控股股东、实际控制人的刑事责任。立法修改通过共犯行为正犯化的立法技术强化了刑事制裁的力度,以制裁行为方式的多样化织密了刑事制裁的法网,以刑罚的严厉性凸显了对证券犯罪从严打击的刑事政策。面对立法上不断扩张的趋势,司法机关在处理相关刑事案件时,仍应恪守刑事法治原则,结合公司法等前置法的规定认定控股股东、实际控制人;在认定组织、指使行为时,应把握控制权的本质要求;对于定量标准上的掌握,应参照现有犯罪追诉标准和同类案件的量刑标准。

The striking imbalance between the power enjoyed by controlling shareholders and actual controllers and their responsibilities leads to frequent abuse of control rights in practice.In order to link up with the Securities Law and respond to the trend that China focuses on the reform of capital market,after two legislative expansions of the Criminal Law Amendment VI and the Criminal Law Amendment XI,the criminal law separately stipulates the norms of controlling shareholders and actual controllers under the clauses of the crimes of fraudulently issuing securities,illegally disclosing or not disclosing important information and violating the interests of listed companies.The legislative amendment intensifies criminal sanctions through the legislative technology of making accomplice principal offender,widen the range of criminal sanctions with diverse sanctions,and highlights the criminal policy of severely cracking down on securities crimes with the severity of penalty.In light of expanding legislation,judicial organs should abide by the principle of criminal law,and identify controlling shareholders and actual controllers in combination with the provisions of the company law and other prelaws.Judicial organs should grasp the essential requirements of control rights when identifying the organization and the instigating behavior,and should refer to the existing standards of criminal prosecution and the sentencing standards of similar cases in terms of the quantitative standards.