“温柔敦厚”与“风雅正变”——清初遗民对传统诗学的接受与突破

“Gentleness and Generousness” and Changes of Poetics——Acceptance and Breakthrough of Traditional Poetics by the Adherents in the Early Qing Dynasty

“温柔敦厚”诗学生成于“华夷之辨”思想张力尚未完全形成的春秋末期。《诗三百》“虽主于温柔敦厚,然亦有直斥其人而不讳者”,“变风变雅”存焉。对于“温柔敦厚”诗学,后世倡导者有之,突破者有之。明清易代,中原板荡,华夷易处,遗民直面传统诗学,主张风雅正变系乎时,认为“愤而不失其正,固无妨于温柔敦厚”,从诗学理论与诗文创作两个维度实践“变风变雅”之音,实现对“温柔敦厚”诗学的接受与突破。

“Gentle and generous” poetics came into being in the late Spring and Autumn Period when the ideological tension from “the debate between Central China and surrounding small and backward states” had not yet fully formed. Although “gentleness and generousness” was advocated in Shi Jing, there were still some chapters characterized by direct reprimands without using euphemisms. Therefore, the style of poetry changed with social development. As for the poetics themed “gentleness and generousness”, some later scholars advocated while others opposed. Until the replacement of the Ming Dynasty by the Qing Dynasty, the boundaries between Central China and surrounding states changed tremendously, and the indigenous people also changed their living spaces. Under this situation, the adherents in Central China faced up to the traditional poetics, asserting that it was time to change its style. They believed that to reprimand with control did no harm to the “gentleness and generousness” of poetry. Accordingly, they tried to change the styles of both the poetic theory and the poetic creation, resulting in the acceptance and breakthrough of the “gentle and generous” poetics.