《民法典》施行前后习惯司法适用机制疑难问题研究

A Study on the Problems of the Application Mechanism of Customary Law before and after the Implementation of The Civil Code

审视习惯司法适用的实践状况发现:在《民法典》施行前后,习惯司法适用过程中存在民事案由的集中性、适用范围的限定性、审理层级的趋同性、适用地域的限制性及适用方式的趋近性5方面的相似性;也有法院层级的分布趋势不同、法律文书的类别差异和适用地域的细化差别3方面的差异性。针对习惯存在的固有缺陷,外部要件欠缺,司法适用规范化、程序化障碍,监督机制不健全的实践难点,应当重构民事习惯查验机制、识别机制、完善司法适用细化规则、建立完善式法律监督机制4项工作机制。其中,培养员额法官专业化的司法适用能力与建立以检察机关为主体的监督机制是重点所在。

Looking at the practical situation of judicial application of custom,we find that before and after the implementation of The Civil Code,there are similarities in the process of judicial application of custom in terms of concentration of civil causes,limitation of the scope of application,convergence of the majority of the trial levels,restriction of the application of the territory and general convergence of the application methods,but there are also differences in the distribution trends of the court levels,differences in the types of legal documents and differences in the refinement of the application of the territory.In view of the inherent defects of custom,the lack of external elements and the obstacles to the standardization and proceduralization of judicial application,as well as the difficulties in practice mainly in the form of error-correcting legal supervision mechanism,the four working mechanisms are to reconstruct the civil custom checking mechanism,identification mechanism,improve the detailed rules of judicial application and establish a perfect legal supervision mechanism.In particular,the focus is on cultivating the professional judicial application ability of judges and establishing the supervision mechanism mainly by the procuratorial authorities.