湖南省3种粮油作物当季化肥利用率现状研究

Fertilizer Use Efficiency of Three Grain and Oil-Bearing Crops in Hunan Province

肥料利用率是反映农田养分投入、产出和平衡关系的动态参数,也是衡量区域尺度上肥料施用效果的一项重要指标。2018年在湖南省72个县区开展了178个田间试验,测算了目前湖南省水稻、油菜和玉米的当季化肥利用率、化肥偏生产力、化肥农学效率和作物生理利用率。结果表明:湖南省2018年水稻的氮肥、磷肥、钾肥的肥料利用率分别为32.58%、16.56%、41.07%,油菜的氮肥、磷肥、钾肥的肥料利用率分别为37.98%、20.85%、45.64%,玉米的氮肥、磷肥、钾肥的肥料利用率分别为37.06%、20.09%、48.89%。当前湖南省主要粮油作物在不同种植区域的氮磷钾肥料利用率差异明显。为进一步提高肥料利用效率,需要结合湖南省不同地区土壤类型、基础地力、生态条件、施肥方法、耕作措施等因素进行分析,因地制宜优化施肥或种植策略。

Fertilizer use efficiency is an important index not only for the dynamic equilibrium relationship between nutrient input and output on field scales but also for evaluating the effects of fertilizer application on regional scales.In 2018,178 field experiments were conducted in main crop growing areas of 72 counties and or districts in Hunan Province for the evaluation of apparent recovery efficiency(RE),partial factor productivity(PFP),agronomic efficiency(AE)and physiological efficiency(PE)of nitrogen,phosphorous and potassium in rice,rapeseed and maize.The results indicated that REN,REP and REK in rice was 32.58%,16.56%and 41.07%,respectively,in rapeseed was 37.98%,20.85%and 45.64%,respectively,and in maize was 37.06%,20.09%and 48.89%,respectively.Distinct differences of REN,REP and REK between different growing areas in Hunan were observed.In order to further increase the fertilizer use efficiency in Hunan Province,it requires better fertilization or cropping strategies adaptive to different crop growing areas based on a combined analysis of soil type,basic soil fertility,ecological condition,fertilization method and tillage arrangement.