马克思早期人的解放思想的体系性——以《〈黑格尔法哲学批判〉导言》为中心的考察

The Systematicity of Marx’s Early Ideas on Individual Emancipation: Explorations Based on Hegel’s Philosophy Comment Preamble

《〈黑格尔法哲学批判〉导言》具有马克思主义理论体系化先兆的独特地位。从该文本所包含的人的解放思想的体系化建构中可见一斑。基于对青年黑格尔派宗教批判思想的吸收和超越,马克思首先将人摆脱宗教观念束缚而意识到自身独立性,进而产生解放的需要及能力,归结为人的解放的前提。尔后,他详尽剖析了人的解放的现状,即现实生活与理论生活的“时代错乱”,并在上述过程中驳斥了德国国民经济学、历史法学派的相关探讨。不仅如此,马克思还把青年黑格尔派划分为“理论实践派”、“政治实践派”,通过对这两者无法解决理论需要和实践需要之间张力的批判,寻求突破人的解放之限度的方式。最后,马克思诉诸德国市民社会各领域的分析,将哲学革命与政治实践的正确结合,落脚于哲学和无产阶级关系的准确把握,完成了对魏特林主义及“哲学共产主义”的实质性超越。

Hegel’s Philosophy Comment Preamble has a unique position as a good omen of the systematization of Marxism.It can be seen from the systematic construction of Marx’s ideas on individual emancipation in this text.Based on absorption and transcendence of the religious criticism in Young Hegelians, Marx, first of all, attributes it to the premise of human emancipation to get rid of religion shackles and then to produce the need and ability of emancipation.Then, he analyzed the current situation of human liberation in detail, namely the “disorder of the times” in real life and theoretical life.In the above process, Marx refuted the relevant discussions of National Economics and Historical School of Law.Moreover, Marx also divided the Young Hegelians into “theoretical practice school” and “political practice school”.By way of criticizing their inability to solve the tension between theoretical needs and practical needs, Marx sought a way to break the limit of individual emancipation.In the end, he came to this conclusion through the analysis of various fields of German civil society: Only by accurate understanding the relationship between philosophy and the proletariat, can we realize the correct combination of philosophical revolution and political practice.It is in this sense that Marx has completed the substantive transcendence of Weitlingism and “Philosophical Communism”.