基于支持公共健康导向的城市建成环境要素优化策略研究

Research on Optimization Strategy of Urban Built Environment Elements Based on Supporting Public Health Orientation

本文以国内主要城市的城市建成环境设计导则为研究对象,筛选出63篇设计导则,利用NVivo 11软件进行文本主题分析总结城市建成环境要素框架,继而利用WELL健康社区标准作为评估参考进行文本评估分析,探讨导则中的环境要素和对应策略是否对公共健康具有支持作用。研究表明,国内城市建成环境设计导则主要关注两个类别的八大环境要素:软质要素(植物、水体、地形),硬质要素(道路、铺装场地、建筑及园林构筑、公共艺术和景观小品、城市家具),其中包含37个子项、241个对应指标。八个要素均能作为支持公共健康的载体,可以通过营造利于健康的物理环境、促进居民体力活动和改善居民的心理健康水平三个角度来改善场所的环境要素以促进公共健康。

The purpose of this paper is to summarize and explore the composition of environmental elements and the strategies for organizing them to support public health at the meso-micro scale through a qualitative textual analysis method based on the ways in which built environment affects health,introducing the WELL Community Standard as a reference,and using the existing design guidelines related to urban built environment in China as research material.It aims to form a framework for cognition of sites and guiding practices from the perspective of public health,and to provide references for the construction of healthy sites.In the city selection and guideline collection,15 cities were selected by national administrative dimension,habitat construction dimension and economic development dimension,and 63 guidelines were retrieved and compiled in this paper.In the data analysis,firstly it used NVivo 11 software for textual theme analysis to summarize the framework of urban built environment elements.Eight elements in two categories were obtained:(plants,water bodies,and topography),and hard elements(roads,paved sites,buildings and landscape structures,public art and landscape vignettes,and urban furniture),which contain 37 sub-categories and 241 corresponding indicators.Following that,the above framework of urban built environment elements,the guidelines in each design guideline are evaluated and analyzed with the ten evaluation items in the WELL Community Standard.The urban built environment elements and indicators that are related to the scoring items of the WELL Community Standard were grouped together in the same way.The urban built environment elements and reference strategies to support public health were obtained in three areas:environmental elements and strategies to create a healthy physical environment,environmental elements and strategies to promote physical activity of residents,and environmental elements and strategies to improve the mental health of residents.From the perspective of public health,each element can serve as a vehicle to support public health.The creation of a health-friendly physical environment emphasizes the degree of coverage of soft elements and the material characteristics of hard elements.Promoting physical activity of residents can be effectively met by improving the walkability and readability of the site and the accessibility of the facilities.Improving mental health can be achieved by controlling the color patterns of hard and soft elements and the degree of permeability of the resulting spaces to provide a sense of security and stress relief.In future planning and design,it is necessary to consider the creation of environmental elements with a human focus and develop special design guidelines for public health.