明长城居庸关防区军事聚落空间布局研究

Study on the Space Layout of Military Settlement in Juyongguan Defense Area of the Great Wall in Ming Dynasty

居庸关防区是明代拱卫京师的重要屏障和连通内外的核心枢纽,是明长城体系中大型关城防区的典型代表。其空间控制力范围远超过居庸关关城边界,是经长期发展形成沿太行山脉五路分守的居庸关防区。本研究基于历史典籍中对居庸关防区聚落军事属性的记载,经现场踏勘考察定位,在厘清居庸关防区层次体系的基础上,建立可融入明长城整体框架的居庸关防区军事聚落信息数据库。分析得到居庸关防区军事聚落空间布局总体特征及其与驻军数量分布和自然地理环境的相关关系。其一,防区聚落分布与战事分布趋同,形成西路与关沟两个中心;其二,防区边缘聚落密度高、驻军密度小、前哨作用突出,防区腹地聚落密度低、驻军密度高、屯兵作用突出;其三,除长城边墙沿线外,防区内聚落多设置在海拔较低、坡度较小、南向采光较多的区域。这一方法与结论,对明长城军事聚落空间布局的整体性研究和重要关城节点军事作用机制的讨论与现代保护策略的制定均有重要意义和参考价值。

Juyongguan defense area is an important barrier for the arch defense of the capital and a main channel connecting the inner and outer walls.In the modern concept,the narrow Juyongguan City was the center of the Juyongguan defense zone in the general sense of the Ming Dynasty,but this does not represent its full fortification scope.In fact it is a typical representative of the large pass city defense area in the Great Wall system of Ming Dynasty.Its space control is far beyond Juyongguan,but after long-term development along the Taihang Mountains five road division Juyongguan in the broad sense.Based on the historical records of the military properties of settlements in Juyongguan defense area,this study established the military defense system database of Juyongguan defense area which can be integrated into the overall framework of the Ming Great Wall through on-the-spot reconnaissance,investigation and positioning.After the hierarchy system of Juyongguan defense area is clarified,the spatial distribution characteristics of military settlements in Juyongguan defense area are analyzed as follows.Firstly,the settlement distribution in the defense area is similar to the war distribution,forming two centers of West Road and Guangou;the distribution of military settlements in Juyongguan defense area is similar to the distribution of war.Secondly,the density of settlements on the edge of the defense area is high,the density of garrison is small,and the outposts play a prominent role.The density of settlements in the hinterland of the defense area is low,the density of garrison is high,and the garrison has a prominent role.Thirdly,except along the side walls of the Great Wall,settlements in the prevention area are mostly set in areas with lower elevation,smaller slope and more southern lighting.This method and conclusion are of great significance and reference value for the overall study of the Ming Dynasty Great Wall system and the overall planning of military settlements at important nodes.From the perspective of the protection status,only the Badaling Scenic Area and Juyongguan Scenic Area in the Beijing area in the Juyongguan defense area have been continuously monitored,repaired and properly reconstructed.However,compared with these two places,Nankou City and Shangguan City in Guangou have evolved into ordinary towns,and only part of the ruins of the city walls have been preserved.Some fort-level military settlements such as Changyu City,Zhenbian City,and Hengling City on the West Road of the defense zone have preserved some of the city walls and urn city,while they are all mixed with village and town living facilities and no independent protection measures have been set up.There are few cultural relics’protection units in the other settlements at the pass level,and they are not included in the Ming Great Wall heritage system.Therefore,it is urgent to implement an overall planning,put forward the concept of Juyongguan defense zone,and give sufficient attention to the military settlements on the two wings of Juyongguan,represented by the West Road of the defense zone.It is significant to form the Juyongguan defense zone cultural belt with Guangou as the core,rely on the distribution of the Taihang Mountains,and consider the Juyongguan defense zone as a whole to seek balanced development.