民法典时代民事习惯的司法适用——以援引《民法典》第10条的裁判文书为分析对象

Judicial Application of Civil Customs in the Age of Civil Code——Taking the judgment document invoking Article 10 of the Civil Code as the analysis object

在延续《民法总则》规定的基础上,民法典高度重视民事习惯并进行了多处规定。其中,《民法典》第10条将习惯明确为正式的法律渊源,通过对援引该条的裁判文书进行汇总分析后可以看到,司法实践对民事习惯的适用具有重要特征,例如将习惯分为风俗习惯和商业习惯,而且前者在数量上占据优势。而将民事习惯、传统美德和社会主义核心价值观结合展开论述,是较为突出的新特征。但是,总体而言,裁判文书对民事习惯的适用在说理的细致程度上仍然不够充分。要解决这一问题,需要具体明确习惯适用的前提条件和限制条件;强化社会主义核心价值观和传统美德等权威内容的说服作用,提升裁判文书说理的针对性和细致程度;提高当事人在识别和证明民事习惯中的积极性;充分利用法律统一适用机制在类案中实现习惯的规范适用。

On the basis of the continuation of the provisions of the "General Principles of Civil Law",the Civil Code attaches great importance to civil customs and makes many provisions.Among them,Article 10 of the Civil Code clarifies custom as a formal source of law.After a summary analysis of the judgment documents that invoked this article,it can be seen that judicial practice has important characteristics in the application of civil customs.The combination of civil customs,traditional virtues and socialism is a more prominent feature.However,in general,the application of judgment documents to civil customs is still not sufficient in reasoning.To solve this problem,it is necessary to specifically clarify the prerequisites and restrictions for the application of custom;strengthen the persuasive role of authoritative content such as socialist core values and traditional virtues,improve the pertinence and meticulous degree of reasoning;improve the parties’ ability to identify and prove civil customs The enthusiasm of the Chinese government;make full use of the uniform application mechanism of the law to realize the application of customary norms in similar cases.