马克思“共同体”理解范式的历史性生成

Marx’s "Community" Understanding Paradigm: A Historical Review

对共同体的批判和理解是马克思毕生努力的事业。在批判和理解共同体的历史进程中,马克思逐渐确立了从物质生产方式入手分析共同体的经典范式。具体包括五个阶段:第一个阶段(1835年8月—1841年4月),马克思受到古希腊和黑格尔自我意识哲学影响,开始自觉地反思个体与共同体的关系,在初步的批判与反思中形成了个体与共同体相统一的观点;第二个阶段(1842年5月—1845年2月),在对等级制和物质利益关系、对国家形式的探讨和批判中,确立了以“市民社会”为基础的研究出发点,相继提出了“自由人的联合体”“政治共同体”“真正的共同体”等术语;第三个阶段(1845年春—1848年2月),确立了从物质生产出发理解共同体的经典范式,运用这一范式,马克思科学分析和全面论述了“自然形成的共同体”“虚假的共同体”“真正共同体”“自由人联合体”等共同体诸范畴,形成了对共同体理解的独特术语体系和话语体系;第四个阶段,1848年后,马克思在具体革命实践(1848年2月—1879年9月)和对政治经济学的批判中(1857年—1883年)进一步深化了对共同体的认识;第五个阶段(1879年秋—1882年底),马克思晚年面对资本主义新变化和人类学研究新成果进行了共同体理论的丰富、拓展和深化。五个阶段表明,马克思对共同体的理解是一个逐渐成熟而深刻的过程。

Criticism and understanding of the community is the cause of Marx’s lifelong efforts.In the historical process of criticizing and understanding the community,Marx gradually established the classic paradigm of analyzing the community from the material mode of production.It includes five stages:in the first stage (August 1835-April 1841),influenced by the philosophy of self-consciousness in ancient Greece and Hegel,Marx began to reflect on the relationship between individual and community consciously,and formed the view of unity between individual and community in the initial criticism and reflection;in the second stage (May 1842-February 1845),in the discussion and criticism of hierarchy and material interest relationship and state form,Marx established the starting point of research based on "civil society",and put forward the terms "free man union","political community","real community" and other terms successively;in the third stage (Spring1845-February 1848),Marx established the classic paradigm of understanding community from the perspective of material production.Using this paradigm,he scientifically analyzed and comprehensively discussed the categories of community such as "natural community","false community","real community" and "free man union",forming a unique terminology system and discourse system for understanding community;the fourth stage:after 1848,Marx further deepened his understanding of the community in the revolutionary practice (February 1848-September 1879) and in the criticism of political economy (1857-1883);in the fifth stage (from the autumn of 1879 to the end of 1882),facing the new changes of capitalism and the new achievements of anthropology,Marx enriched,expanded and deepened the community theory in his later years.Five stages show that Marx’s understanding of the community is a mature and profound process.