“规范”的力量——对朱迪斯·巴特勒性别操演理论的一种探索

The Power of “Norms”:An Exploration of Judith Butler’s Gender Performativity Theory

朱迪斯·巴特勒是深受法国马克思主义影响的女性主义哲学家。“规范”这一概念是巴特勒与法国马克思主义最重要的理论接合点。乔治·康吉莱姆与米歇尔·福柯对“规范”的解读回应了结构主义的理论危机,突出了规范的生产性和越界性,为巴特勒奠定了思想基础。巴特勒以“性别操演”为切入点展开了对“规范”的全新解读,“操演”就是性别规范的自我征引、自我重复,这使得性别身份具有永恒流动性。巴特勒以“身体的物质化”为核心对“规范”展开了进一步探讨,“物质化”就是规范对身体的重复性建构。“规范”是内在于身体的,它在不断颠覆自身的过程中也使得身体不断重构。这表明规范、身体、性别都是无限生产的,永远不具有同一性和稳定性。

Judith Butler is a feminist philosopher deeply influenced by French Marxism. The concept of “norms”is the most important theoretical articulation point between the two. The interpretation of“norms”by Georges Canguilhem and Michel Foucault responded to the theoretical crisis of structuralism,highlighted the productive and transboundary nature of norms,and laid the ideological foundation for Butler. Butler launched a new interpretation of “norms”with “gender performativity ”as the starting point,and “performativity”is the self-reiteration and self-repetition of gender norms,which makes gender identity eternally fluid. Butler further explored the “norms”with the “materialization of the body”as the core,and “materialization”is the repetitive construction of the body by norms. The “norms”are internal to the body,and they constantly rebuild the body in the process of constantly subverting themselves. This shows that norms,bodies,and gender are all produced infinitely,never having identity and stability.