固体废物全过程精细化环境风险评估框架研究

A Refined Framework on Assessing Whole-Process Environmental Risk of Solid Waste in China

伴随着我国经济发展和城镇化进程,固体废物产生呈强度高、利用不充分的状态,造成了严重的资源浪费和环境污染.随着风险意识的加强,准确评估固体废物的环境风险,已经成为确定固体废物管控目标、边界、优先序的重要基础.由于固体废物的特性复杂、处理链条长、流动过程受区域发展特征的影响,其环境风险呈现风险因子多元、空间异质性强、不确定性高、易产生长期累积性风险等规律.现有的固体废物环境风险评估大多基于源项分析,针对特定环节或设施开展定量或半定量的污染物暴露与健康风险评估,缺乏对全过程的系统性分析,无法从全局及区域上综合评估固体废物的环境风险水平.因此,本文提出固体废物全过程精细化环境风险评估框架,包括固体废物全生命周期路径梳理及特征识别、风险因子及其释放转运过程辨析、受体的最大可接受环境风险水平评估、基于多评价指标的固体废物环境风险的量化,以期为实现固体废物环境风险精细化管控提供支撑.

With the high-speed growth of economic and urbanization development in China,the generation of solid waste increased rapidly in recent years,but the insufficient treatment capacities and illegal transfer/dumping activities of solid waste have resulted in serious resource waste and environmental risk.Assessing the environmental risk forms the basis for solid waste management since it can provide quantitative information to identify the management objective,boundaries,and priorities.Since solid waste has been characterized with complex properties and its flow among different regions is influenced by the regional technology and economy development level,the environmental risk of solid waste presents factor diversification,high spatial heterogeneity,high uncertainties,and long-term.To assess environmental risk of solid waste,most previous studies were conducted by quantitative or semi-quantitative method for specific process,including source term analysis,pollutant exposure calculation,and health risk assessment,while there still lacked a systematic analysis of the whole process.Therefore,this paper proposed a refined framework on assessing whole-process environmental risk of solid waste.The framework mainly included four steps:(1)Describe the life-cycle processes of solid waste,including generation,storage,collection,transportation,treatment,and utilization;(2)Identify the risk factors and their transfer mechanism;(3)Evaluate maximum acceptable levels of environmental risk for different receptors;(4)Quantify the environmental risk based on multiple indicators.