中国传统建筑的纪念性研究初探

Preliminary Study on Monumentality of Chinese Traditional Architecture

“纪念性”一词出自西方语境。西方的纪念性建筑以特定的建筑类型、富于变化的建筑风格、不朽的建筑材料为后人留下了永恒的“石造”史书。在该语境下反观中国建筑,无论宗庙、宫殿或民宅的形制、外观皆极为相似,材料亦无永恒性可言。对此,如弗莱彻、弗格森等建筑史学家曾片面指出中国建筑“千篇一律、毫无变化”而不具有纪念性。然从广义角度看建筑的纪念性,它们便具有帮助延续和传承一个国族之集体记忆的价值。从这一点来说,中国传统建筑在权力意识的礼法规范与集体意识的稳定传承下,是围护权力统治、保证社会安定的象征,本身就具有特殊的纪念性价值。文章将首先对“纪念性”的英文词源和语义进行辨析,进而由“纪念性”与“记忆”的关系引出纪念性在意识维度下的表达及作用,最后概括性地提出中国传统建筑的纪念性表达。

The term"monumentality"comes from the western context.The western architectural history is generally considered to be built on"stone-made"monumental architecture,with specific architectural types,styles,and immortal materials,leaving eternal witnesses for the future generations.On the contrary,looking back at the Chinese architecture,No matter ancestral temples,palaces or private houses,their tectonic typology are similar,and the materials have no immutability.In this regard,architectural historians such as Sir Banister Fletcher and James Fergusson have pointed out in a one-sided manner that the Chinese architecture is"follow the same pattern and unchanged",hence is unmonumental.However,looking at the monumentality of architecture from a broad perspective,it is about the continuation and inheritance of the collective memory of a nation.From this point of view,the Chinese architecture has been passed down from generation to generation with its stable architectural system under ideological norms,which constitutes a unique monumentality in this regard.This paper will first sort out the related concepts of monumentality,and propose the expression and function of architectural monumentality in the dimension of consciousness.Then in this context,the commemorative expression of Chinese traditional architecture is proposed.