北方冬油菜安全越冬问题探讨

Study on Safe Over-wintering of Winter Rapeseed(Brassica napus)\%in North China

菜籽油是我国居民主要食用的优质植物油之一,而黄淮及其以北冬油菜区也是我国重要油菜产区之一,但该区冬春干旱和冷冻制约着油菜的高产稳产,加上种管粗放,产量低而效益不高,影响农民种植的积极性。对此我们通过多年的试验调查研究,总结出北方油菜安全越冬的主要栽培措施:以抗旱保墒为中心,早耕整地,选好抗旱耐寒品种;9月中旬至10月上旬播种,667 m^(2)留苗3万~4万株;纯氮10~12 kg,五氧化二磷5~6 kg,氧化钾5 kg,硼砂约0.5 kg;在6叶期喷施多效唑,防止缩颈延伸,培育壮苗。采用沟播、培土、灌越冬水、防治病虫害、实施全程机械化种植等,以减轻冻害、稳定产量、提高效益。

Rapeseed oil is one of the high quality vegetable oils consumed by Chinese people,the planting area of winter rapeseed in Huang-Huai area and north of Huang-Huai area is one of the important rapeseed producing areas in China.However,drought and freezing in winter and spring restrict the high and stable yield of rape,and extensive sowing and management result in low yield and low benefit of rape,which will affect the enthusiasm of farmer to plant rape seed.Through many years of experimental investigation,the main cultivation measures for the safe wintering of rape in northern China were summarized as follows:with drought resistance and moisture conservation as center,do early tillage and land preparation,select drought-resistant and cold-tolerant varieties;sow between mid-September and early October with 30 to 40 thousand seedlings per 667 m^(2);pure nitrogen 10~12 kg,phosphorus pentoxide 5~6 kg,potassium oxide 5 kg,borax about 0.5 kg;spraying of paclobutrazol at six-leaf stage to prevent necking and cultivate strong seedlings.The measures such as ditch sowing,soil cultivation,irrigation of overwintering water,control of diseases and insect pests,and mechanized planting were used to reduce frost damage,stabilize yield and improve efficiency.