史前至夏时期“华西系玉器”研究(下)

Research on“the Jade Artifacts of the Western China Archetype”from the prehistoric time to the Xia period(part Ⅲ)

这篇长文分为(上)(中)(下)三篇,此为(下)篇。第一篇先对笔者40年来“华西系玉器”观点形成及研究历程作一回顾,简介了五种从外观即能分辨的典型华西玉料,并综述仰韶时期出土玉器情况。第二篇对黄河上中游,从先齐家时期至齐家时期玉器文化作一综述。在此第三篇,综合分析晋陕高原与川西平原这二区在史前至夏时期玉器文化的发展面貌。晋陕高原位于华西、华东玉器文化交流之处,陕西可能拥有第三、第五两种典型华西玉料的原生矿。当公元前2100年—前2000年,或因灾变导致黄河下游人口西移时,陕北的石峁、芦山峁先民们,可能将东夷移民带来的牙璋、神祖灵纹有刃器的制作传统再度发扬。而制作与使用牙璋、有领璧的特殊传统,似乎从陕北沿着“边地半月形传播带”传播至川西平原,值得深入探索。

This long article is divided into three parts,and this is the third one.The first part reviews the formation and research process of the author’s viewpoint on“Western China Archetype of Jade Artifacts”during the past 40 years.It also introduces five typical Western China jade materials,which can be identified from their styles.The author also summarizes unearthed jade artifacts of the Yangshao period.The second part synthesizes the jade culture from the pre-Qijia period to the Qijia period in the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River.In the third part,the author draws a comprehensive analysis of the jade-culture development from the prehistoric time to the Xia period in the Shanxi-Shaanxi Plateau and the Sichuan Plain.The Shanxi-Shaanxi Plateau is located at the place where the jade culture exchanged between West and East China.The original mines of the third and fifth types of typical West China jade materials might be located in Shaanxi.From 2100 BC to 2000 BC,population of the Shandong area moved westward presumably due to natural disasters or some other reasons.Thereafter,the Shimao and Lushanmao people in northern Shaanxi may have learned from them and developed the craftsmanship tradition of yazhang and edged tools inscribed with ancestral spirit-patterns.The special traditions of making and using yazhang blade and collared disk may have spread from northern Shaanxi along the“crescent-shaped area”to the plains of western Sichuan.This observation is worthy of in-depth explorations.