承德周边满蒙联姻与宗藩关系的历史人类学分析

Historical Anthropological Analysis of Manchu-Mongolian Alliances and Patriarchal-vassal Relationship around Chengde

清朝在位于农牧交错地带的承德建立了木兰围场,并以此为中心,融合了汉、满、蒙多民族的政治经验,实现对边疆地区的稳定治理。东部蒙古中掌管喀喇沁旗的兀良哈世系虽然不是黄金家族出身,但是由于将木兰围场献于皇室,得赐公主下嫁并担任管围大臣,从而成为与皇室关系密切且声望显赫的藩臣。清代皇室与喀喇沁旗联姻的案例表现了承德周边宗藩关系的双轨制:既包含典章制度之规定,又包含了贵族婚姻建立的政治联系。这两种机制在政策上相互配合,同时又延续了蒙古贵族联姻的历史传统,加强了木兰围场在处理藩部政治中的影响力。

The Qing Dynasty established Mulan Enclosure in Chengde,which is located in the Agro-pastoral frontier area.Taking it as the center,it integrated the political experience of Han,Manchu and Mongolian to realize the stable governance of frontier areas.Although the Wuliangha lineage in charge of the Karaqin banner in eastern Mongolia was not born in the Golden family,but it presented the Mulan Enclosure to the royal family,and was given to the princess to marry and serve as the enclosure minister,thus becoming a vassal with outstanding reputation and close relationship with the royal family.The case of the marriage between the royal family and Karaqin banner in the Qing Dynasty shows the dual track system of suzerain vassal relations around Chengde:that is,it includes not only the provisions of laws and regulations,but also the political connection established by aristocratic marriage.The two mechanisms cooperated with each other in policy,continued the historical tradition of Mongolian aristocratic marriage,and strengthened the influence of Mulan Enclosure in dealing with vassal politics.