瑕疵电子数据的合理适用及其限度

Reasonable Application of Defective Electronic Data and Its Limits

根据我国《刑事诉讼法》第五十六条,电子数据不适用非法证据排除规则,《刑事电子数据规定》转而建立了瑕疵电子数据治愈规则。从规范结构来看,瑕疵电子数据治愈规则已经具备了非法证据排除规则的基本内容。但从司法实践而言,电子数据瑕疵的治愈方法,无论是进行补正还是作出合理解释,均落实为对真实性的保障。以功能论的角度视之,瑕疵电子数据治愈规则表面上是合法性审查,实质上属真实性审查,瑕疵电子数据的合法性审查存在强度过轻、内容过窄之弊病。基于电子数据的调查技术性、权利侵犯性特征,我国应限制瑕疵电子数据的过度合法化,将违法程度较重的瑕疵电子数据予以强制性排除,从而实现对电子数据调查程序的应有控制。

According to Article 56 of China’s criminal procedure law,the exclusion rule of illegal evidence is not applicable to electronic data,and the judicial interpretation has instead established the cure rule of defective electronic data.From the perspective of normative structure,China’s existing defective electronic data cure rules already have the basic content of illegal evidence exclusion rules.However,from the perspective of judicial practice,the cure method of electronic data defects,whether correction or reasonable interpretation,is implemented as the guarantee of authenticity.From the perspective of functional theory,the cure rule of defective electronic data is legitimacy review on the surface,but it is authenticity review in essence.The legitimacy review of defective electronic data has the disadvantages of“intensity too light and content too narrow”.Based on the characteristics of investigation technology and right infringement of electronic data,China should appropriately limit the excessive legalization of defective electronic data,and forcibly exclude the defective electronic data with serious violation of law,so as to realize the due control of electronic data investigation procedures.