试论唐朝田狩礼的“名”“实”及其政治关系

On the Name and Reality of Hunting Ritual and Their Political Relation in Tang Dynasty

田狩礼在唐朝军礼中实施次数最多,却颇为人诟病,原因在于该礼仪在实施过程中存在的性质差异。田狩礼兼具军事性和娱乐性,随着唐朝国力和政治局势的演变,呈现此消彼长的关系,它的性质变化折射了唐朝政治形势。唐朝前期田狩整体以军礼的面貌出现,实施过程基本恪守礼书规定,突出军事性质,起到巩固政权、稳定边疆等政治作用。唐朝后期,君主多假行礼之名行欢娱之实,田狩丧失应有的政治功能,并突破礼的形式约束,娱乐性占据主流。此外,皇帝自身政治素养对田狩有较大影响,这对辨析田狩的性质,揭示它与唐朝政治的关系造成了一定困难。

Hunting ritual was carried out most often in the Military ceremony of Tang Dynasty,but it was criticized by many people because of the nature difference in the process of implementation.Hunting ritual is both military and entertaining.With the evolution of the national strength and political situation of Tang Dynasty,there was a trade-off between the two,reflecting the political situation of Tang Dynasty.In the early period of tang Dynasty,the whole hunting ritual appeared as military ritual and the implementation basically abided by the provisions of the ceremony,highlighting the military nature and playing a political role in consolidating the political power and stabilizing the border area.In the late Tang Dynasty,the Emperors often practiced pleasure in the name of hunting ritual.Thus hunting ritual lost its political function,broke through the formal constraints of ritual,and became recreational.Furthermore,the emperor's own political literacy had a great influence on hunting ritual,which caused some difficulties in distinguishing the nature of hunting ritual and revealing its relationship with the politics of Tang Dynasty.