我国破产重整制度的多维解构及其改进

Multidimensional Deconstruction of China’s Bankruptcy Reorganization System and Its Improvement

破产重整制度的理论源头可上溯到美国破产法两个“四十年”的发展,转机管理实践与不完全契约理论可作为美国破产重整的现代阐释。我国破产重整制度可从立法者、操作者、权利者、司法者及行政者五个维度进行解构。从立法者维度解构,历经立法理念的两次飞跃,现行重整制度主要汲取了美国重整制度,但出现制度异化与现实问题需要制度改进。从操作者维度解构,重整操作模式包括经管债务人的操作模式以及破产管理人的操作模式。应当建立以经管债务人为原则的接管制度,激励债务人及时启动重整程序。从权利者维度解构,营商环境优化对重整制度提出了新要求,债权人保护问题应得到重视。从司法者维度解构,重整制度及实践存在司法介入主义倾向,司法者应扮演好裁判者的角色。从行政者维度解构,行政者在重整程序中应明确公共服务者的定位,推动府院协调机制制度化及其机构专责化。

The theoretical origins of the bankruptcy reorganization system can be traced back to two “forty years” of development of the U.S.bankruptcy law,and the practice of turnaround management and incomplete contract theory can be used as modern interpretations of the U.S.bankruptcy reorganization.The bankruptcy reorganization system in China can be deconstructed from five dimensions:legislator,operator,right holder,judiciary and executive.Deconstructed from the legislator’s perspective,after two leaps in legislative philosophy,the current reorganization system is mainly based on the U.S.reorganization system,but there is a need to improve the system due to institutional alienation and practical problems.Deconstructed from the operator’s perspective,the reorganization operation model includes the operation model of the debtor in possession and the operation model of the bankruptcy administrator.A receivership system based on the principle of debtor in possession should be established to motivate debtors to start reorganization proceedings in a timely manner.Deconstructed from the right holder’s perspective,the optimization of business environment has put forward new requirements for the reorganization system,and the protection of creditors should be emphasized.Deconstructed from the judiciary’s perspective,there is a tendency of judicial interventionism in the reorganization system and practice,and the judiciary should play the role of referee well.Deconstructed from the executive’s perspective,the executive should clearly define its role as a public servant in the reorganization process,and promote the institutionalization of the government-court coordination mechanism and the special responsibility of agencies.