类型学视角下吴语“形容词+得+程度副词”考察(下篇)

A Study of"Adjective+De(得)+Degree Adverb"inWu Dialect from Perspective of Typology(Sequel)

朱德熙根据组合形式的差异,把汉语的述补结构分为组合式和粘合式两种,组合式述补结构中有结构助词“得”。组合式述补结构明清白话文献最常用的是“A得很”,此外,还有“A得紧”与“A得极”,明代白话文献开始运用,分布范围较广;还有“A得凶”“A得野”“A得势”“A得猛”等,分布范围狭窄。到了现代,“A得很”仍最常用,“A得紧”“A得极”“A得凶”“A得野”“A得猛”等在普通话中已消亡,但在使用吴语的一些地方还存在,如浙江浦江、衢州等仍有“A得紧”,江苏苏州老年人仍有“A得极”“A得野”“A得势”,浙江诸暨、宁海、天台、临海、温岭等仍有“A得猛”,安徽德兴仍有“A得凶”。现代方言又产生了一些新的“A得+程度副词”,如“A得险”“A得魂”“A得类”“A得恶”等。近代汉语有“A得慌”,北方方言中分布范围较广,普通话也有,而且性质已发生转化,有人认为当代汉语“得慌”有附缀化特征,“X得慌”有构式化趋势,语法化程度高。有学者认为“副词+A”不如“A得+副词”所表达的程度深。明清白话文献还有“副词+A得+程度副词”用法,所表达的程度比“A得+副词”还要深。“A得+程度副词”与“副词+A得+程度副词”很有类型学价值。

According to the difference of combination form,Zhu Dexi divided the Chinese predicate-com-plement structure into two types:combined type and adhesive type,in combinative complement structure there is a structural particle"de"(得).In vernacular literature of Ming and Qing Dynasties,the most com-monly used combinative complement structure is"A de hen".In addition,there are"A de jin"and"A de ji"which were began to be used in vernacular literature and were widely distributed in the Ming Dynasty,"A de xiong""A de ye""A de shi""A de meng"and so on,their distribution range were narrow.In modern times,"A de hen"is still most commonly used,but"A de jin""A de ji""A de xiong""A de ye""A de meng"have disappeared in Mandarin,but they still exist in some places like Wu dialect area,for instance,"A de jin"is still be used in Pujiang and Quzhou,Zhejiang province.Senior citizens are still using"A de ji""A de ye""A de shi"in Suzhou,Jiangsu province.There is still a"A de meng"in Zhuji,Ninghai,Tiantai,Linhai,Wenling,Zhejiang province.There is a"A de xiong"in Dexing,Anhui province.Modern dialects have pro-duced some new"A de+degree adverbs",such as"A de xian""A de hun""A de lei""A de e"and so on.In modern Chinese,"A de huang"is widely distributed in northern dialects and also in Mandarin,and its na-ture has been transformed.Some people think that"de huang"in contemporary Chinese has the characteris-tic of cliticization,and"X de huang"has the tendency of construction and high degree of grammaticaliza-tion.Some scholars regard that"A de+adverb"express deeper than"adverb+A".In vernacular literature of Ming and Qing Dynasties,"adverb+A de+degree adverbs"express much deeper than"A de+adverb"."A de+degree adverb"and"adverb+A de+degree adverb"have typological value.